Abstract
There are, in Canada, many documented reports of naturally-occurring biological control of arthropod pests. The examples we have chosen are a few recent cases from forest and orchard entomology. Changes in densities of apple pest populations, initiated through destruction of natural enemies by spray chemicals, have been under investigation in Nova Scotia since 1943, and of peach pests in Ontario since 1946; intensive ecological studies on forest pest populations began about the same time in New Brunswick. We have selected from the many examples available the native black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), found in forests; and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), a lecanium scale, Lecanium coryli (L.), and codling moth, Laspeyresia [=Carpocapsa] pomonella (L.), commonly found as pests in orchards. These orchard pests apparently have reached North America from Europe since the apple was introduced early in the 17th century. They are well established, widely distributed species.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature Cited
Lord, F. T. 1947. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia: II. Oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.). Can. Entomol. 81: 202–230.
Lord, F. T., H. J. Herbert, and A. W. MacPhee. 1958. The natural control of phytophagous mites on apple trees in Nova Scotia. Proc. X Intern. Congr. Entomol., Montreal (1956) 4: 617–622
Lord, F. T., and D. K. R. Stewart. 1961. Effects of increasing the nitrogen level of apple leaves on mite and predator populations. Can. Entomol. 93: 924–927.
MacLellan, C. R. 1958. Role of woodpeckers in control of the codling moth in Nova Scotia. Can. Entomol. 90: 18–22.
MacLellan, C. R. 1963. Predator populations and preation on the codling moth in an integrated control orchard-1961. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 32: 41–54.
MacLellan, C. R. 1966. Present status of codling moth populations. 103rd Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers’ Assoc. Pp. 77–83.
MacPhee, A. W., and K. H. Sanford. 1956. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. X. Supplement to VII. Effects on some beneficial arthropods. Can. Entomol. 88: 631–634.
Miller, C. A. 1966. The black-headed budworm in Eastern Canada. Can. Entomol. 98: 592–613.
Morris, R. F. 1959. Single-factor analysis in population dynamics. Ecology 40: 580–588.
Patterson, N. A. 1966. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. XVI. The long-term effect of mild pesticides on pests and their predators. J. Econ. Entomol. 59: 1430–1435.
Patterson, N. A., and C. R. MacLellan. 1954. Control of the codling moth and other orchard pests with ryania. 85th Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ont. Pp. 25–32.
Putman, W. L., and D. H. C. Herne. 1966. The role of predators and other biotic agents in regulating the population density of phytophagous mites in Ontario peach orchards. Can. Entomol. 98: 808–820.
Sanford, K. H., and F. T. Lord. 1962. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. XIII. Effects of perthane on predators. Can. Entomol. 84: 928–934.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1971 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
MacPhee, A.W., MacLellan, C.R. (1971). Cases of Naturally-Occurring Biological Control in Canada. In: Huffaker, C.B. (eds) Biological Control. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6531-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6531-4_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6533-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6531-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive