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Nitric Oxide Signaling Through Mitochondrial Calcium Release

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Oxidative Stress and Signal Transduction

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Abstract

Free calcium ions are important for the regulation of many enzyme systems, including those responsible for muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, neuronal activity, blood clotting, and modulation of hormone action. Intracellular Ca2+ can act as a second messenger in a variety of signaling systems. To serve these functions, fine-tuning of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is essential. This is achieved by binding of Ca2+ to nonmembraneous proteins and by membrane-bound transport systems. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release participate directly in the regulation of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, and nitric oxide and its congeners modulate these mitochondrial activities in several ways. Thus, nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide, NO) binds to cytochrome oxidase and thereby prevents respiration and the maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ). The deenergization of mitochondria results in Ca2+ release from and prevention of Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), the product formed by the reaction of NO- with Superoxide (O2-), stimulates mitochondrial Ca2+ release with preservation of ΔΨ. The NO-dependent modulation of Ca2+ transport by mitochondria may be used in cell signaling, as exemplyfied by glucose-triggered insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Insulin secretion, which occurs in two phases, requires an increase in the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration. Beta cells produce nitric oxide, and release insulin in response to glucose during the first phase in an nitric oxide synthase-sensitive manner. When NO. is added to rat insulinoma cells, mitochondria become deenergized and lose their Ca2+. The resulting increase in the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ then triggers insulin secretion. Since the mitochondrial energy state seems to be under the control of nitric oxide it is expected that future studies will identify other Ca2+-dependent signaling systems, which are modulated by the action of nitric oxide and its congeners on mitochondria.

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Authors
  1. Christoph Richter
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  2. Renato Laffranchi
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Southern California, USA

    Henry Jay Forman  & Enrique Cadenas  & 

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© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Richter, C., Laffranchi, R. (1997). Nitric Oxide Signaling Through Mitochondrial Calcium Release. In: Forman, H.J., Cadenas, E. (eds) Oxidative Stress and Signal Transduction. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5981-8_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5981-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

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