Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade Physiological and Clinical Implications pp 269–282Cite as

Mechanical Stress, Local Renin-Angiotensin System and Cardiac Hypertrophy: An Overview

  • Chapter

  • 110 Accesses

Part of the book series: Progress in Experimental Cardiology ((PREC,volume 2))

Summary

Hypertrophy is a fundamental adaptive process employed by postmitotic cardiac and skeletal muscles in response to mechanical load. External load also plays a critical role in determining muscle mass and its phenotype in cardiac myocytes. Interestingly, cardiac myocytes have the intrinsic ability to sense mechanical stretch and convert it into intracellular growth signals, which finally culminate in hypertrophic growth. Mechanical stretch of cardiac myocytes in vitro causes activation of multiple messenger systems, upregulation of many immediate early genes (e.g., c-fos, c-myc, c-jun, etc.), and re-expression of fetal-type genes (e.g., atrial natriuretic factor, skeletal a-actin, β-myosin heavy chain), reminiscent of cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Stretch of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes stimulates a rapid secretion of angiotensin (Ang) II and an upregulation of all major components of cardiac renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes. Ang II, along with other (secreted) growth factors, mediates many, if not all, stretch-induced hypertrophic responses. In this review, the relationship between mechanical loading, cardiac RAS, and cardiac hypertrophy is discussed. In addition, various cell signaling mechanisms initiated by mechanical stress on cardiac myocytes are briefly summarized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aguilera G, Schirar A, Baukal A, Catt KJ. 1981. Circulating angiotensin II and adrenal receptors after nephrectomy. Nature (London) 289:507–509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Dzau VJ. 1988. Vascular renin-angiotensin system in hypertension. New insights into the mechanism of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Med 84(Suppl 4A):4–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rosenthal JH, Pfeifle B, Michailov ML, Pschorr J, Jacob ICM, Dahleim H. 1984. Investigations of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the rat vascular tissue. Hypertens 6:383–390.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Unger T, Badoer E, Ganten D, Lang RE, Rettig R. 1988. Brain angiotensin: Pathways and pharmacology. Circulation 77(Suppl I):I140–I154.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dostal DE, Rothblum KN, Chernin MI, Cooper GR, Baker KM. 1992. Intracardiac detection of angiotensinogen and renin: A localized renin-angiotensin system in neonatal rat heart. Am J Physiol 263:C838–C850.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sadoshima J, Xu Y, Slayter HS, Izumo S. 1993. Autocrine release of angiotensin II mediates stretch-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Cell 75:977–984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Baker KM, Chernin MI, Wixson SK, Aceto JF. 1990. Renin-angiotensin system involvement in pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Am J Physiol 259:H324–H332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Thienelt CD, Weinberg EO, Bartunek J, Lorell BH. 1997. Load-induced growth responses in isolated adult rat hearts. Role of the AT1 receptor. Circulation 95:2677–2683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Miyata S, Haneda T, Osaki J, Kikuchi K. 1996. Renin-angiotensin system in stretch-induced hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat heart cells. Eur J Pharmacol 307:81–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Komuro I, Kaida T, Shibazaki Y, Kurabayashi M, Katoh Y, Hoh E, Takaku F, Yazaki Y. 1990. Stretching cardiac myocytes stimulates proto-oncogene expression. J Biol Chem 265:3595–3598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sadoshima J, Jahn L, Takahashi T, Kulik TJ, Izumo S. 1992. Molecular characterization of the stretch-induced adaptation of cultured cardiac cells. An in vitro model of load-induced cardiac hypertropy. J Biol Chem 267:10551–10560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Izumo S, Nadal-Ginard B, Mahadavi V. 1988. Protooncogene induction and re-programming of cardiac gene expression produced by pressure overload. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:339–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Dzau VJ, Re RN. 1987. Evidence for the existence of renin in the heart. Circulation 73(Suppl I):I134–I136.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dzau VJ, Ellison KE, Brody T, Ingelfinger JR, Pratt R. 1987. A comparative study of the distribution of renin and angiotensinogen messenger ribonucleic acids in rat and mouse tissues. Endocrinology 120:2334–2338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Campbell DJ, Habner JF. 1986. Angiotensinogen gene is expresed and differentially regulated in multiple tissues of the rat. J Clin Invest 78:31–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kunapuli SP, Kumar A. 1987. Molecular cloning of human angiotensinogen cDNA and evidence for the presence of its mRNA in rat heart. Circ Res 60:786–790.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dostal DE, Booz GW, Baker KM. The cardiac renin-angiotensin system: An overview. In the cardiac renin-angiotensin system. Ed. K Lindpaintner and D Ganten, 1–20. Armonk, New York: Futura Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hial V, Gimbrone MA, Peyton MP, Wilcox CM, Pisano JJ. 1979. Angiotensin metabolism by cultured human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Microvasc Res 17:314–329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Johnston CI, Mooser V, SUN Y, Fabris B. 1991. Changes in cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme after myocardial infarction and hypertrophy in rats. Clin Exper Pharamcol Physiol 18:107–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Dostal DE, Rothblum KC, Conrad KM, Cooper GR, Baker KM. 1992. Detection of angiotensin I and II in cultured rat cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts: Evidence for local production. Am J Physiol (Cell Physiol.) 263:C851–C863.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dell’ltalia LJ, Meng QC, Balcells E, Wei CC, Palmer R, Hageman GR, Durand J, Hankes GH, Oparil S. 1997. Compartmentalization of Angiotensin II generation in the dog heart. Evidence for independent mechanisms in intravascular and interstitial spaces. J Clin Invest 100:253–258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Robertson AL, Khairallah PA. 1971. Angiotensin: Rapid localization in nuclei of smooth and cardiac muscle. Science 172:1138–1139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Aceto JF, Baker KM. 1990. [Sar1] Angiotensin II receptor-mediated stimulation of protein synthesis in chick heart cells. Am J Physiol 258:H806–H813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rogers TB. 1984. High affinity angiotensin receptors in myocardial sarcolemmal membranes. J Biol Chem 259:8106–8114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Baker KM, Singer HA. 1988. Identification and characterization of the guinea pig angiotensin II ventricular and atrial receptors: Coupling to inositol phosphate production, Circ Res 62:896–904.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Urata H, Healy B, Stewart RW, Bumpus FM, Husain A. 1989. Angiotensin receptors in normal and failing human hearts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:54–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sasaki K, Yarmano Y, Bardhan S, Iwai N, Murray JJ, Hasegawa M, Matsuda T, Inagami T. 1991. Cloning and expression of a complementary DNA encoding a bovine adrenal angiotensin II type-1 receptor. Nature 351:230–232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Timmermans PBWM, Wong PC, Chiu AT, Herblin WF, Benfield P, Carini DJ, Lee RJ, Wexler RR, Saye JAM, Smith RD. 1993. Angiotenisn II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 45:205–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sandberg K, Ji H, Clark AJ, Shapira H, Catt HJ. 1992. Cloning and expression of a novel angiotensin II receptor subtype. J Biol Chem 267:9455–9458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Iwai N, Inagami T. 1992. Identification of two subtypes in the rat type 1 angiotensin II receptor. FEBS Lett. 298:257–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ingber DE, Dike L, Hansen L, Karp S, Liley H, Maniotis A, Mcnamee H, Mooney D, Plopper G, Sims J. 1994. Cellular tensegrity: Exploring how mechanical changes in the cytoskeleton regulate cell growth, migration, and tissue pattern during morphogenisis. Int Rev Cytol 150:173–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Vandenburgh HH. 1992. Mechanical forces and their second messengers in stimulating cell growth in vitro. Am J Physiol 262:R350–R355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Vandenburgh HH, Kaufman S. 1979. In vitro model for stretch-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. Science 203:265–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Komuro I, Katoh Y, Kaida T, Shibazaki Y, Kurabayashi M, Hoh E, Takaku F, Yazaki Y. 1991. Mechanical loading stimulates cell hypertrophy and specific gene expression in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. Possible role of protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 266:1265–1268.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sadoshima J, Izumo S. 1993. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts: A critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype. Cir Res 73:413–423.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lin C, Baker KM, Thekkumkara TJ, Dostal DE. 1995. Sensitive bioassay for the detection and quantification of angiotensin II in tissue culture medium. Biotechniques 18:1014–1020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Miyata S, Haneda T, Nakamura Y, Fukuzawa J, Okamoto K, Takeda J, Osaki S, Hirotsuka S, Kikuchi K. 1993. The role of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system in stretch-induced hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat heart cells (abstract). Circulation 88:1–614.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S, Zou Y, Shiojima I, Mizuno T, Takano H, Hiroi Y, Veki K, Tobe K, Kadowaki T, Nagai R, Yazaki Y. 1995. Angiotensin II partly mediates mechanical stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Cir Res 77:258–265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mac Arthur H, Warner TD, Wood EG, Corder R, Vane JR. 1994. Endothelin-1 release from endothelial cells in culture is elevated both acutely and chronically by short periods of mechanical stretch. Biochem Biophy Res Commun 200:395–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mangat H, de Bold AJ. 1993. Stretch-induced atrial natriuretic factor release utilizes a rapidly depleting pool of newly synthesized hormone. Endocrinology 133:1398–1403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kaye D, Pimental D, Prasad S, Maki T, Berger HJ, McNeil PL, Smith TW, Kelly RA. 1996. Role of altered sarcolemmal membrane permeability and basic fibroblast growth factor release in the hypertrophic response of adult rat ventricular myocytes to increased mechanical activity in vitro. J Clin Invest 97:281–291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sheetz MP, Dai J. 1996. Modulation of membrane dynamics and cell motility by membrane tension. Trends Cell Biol 6:85–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sharp WW, Simpson DG, Borg TK, Samarel AM, Terrado L. 1997. Mechanical forces regulate focal adhesion and costamere assembly in cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol 273:H546–H556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bloom S, Lockard VJ, Bloom M. 1996. Intermediate filament-mediated stretch-induced changes in chromatin: A hypothesis for growth initiation in cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28:2123–2127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lindpaintner K, Ganten D. 1991. The cardiac renin-angiotensin system. An appraisal of present experimental and clinical evidence. Circ Res 68:905–921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Baker KM, Booz GW, Dostal DE. 1992. Cardiac actions of angiotensin II: Role of an intracardiac renin-angiotensin system. Annu Rev Physiol 54:227–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lindpaintner K, Ganten D. 1991. Tisuse renin-angiotensin systems and their modulation: The heart as a paradigm for new aspects of converting enzyme inhibition. Cardiology 1:32–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Bruckschlegel G, Holmer SR, Jandeleit K, Grimm D, Muders F, Kromer EP, Riegger GAJ, Schunkert H. 1995. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in cardiac presure-overload hypertrophy in rats. Hypertension 25:250–259a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kojima M, Shiojima I, Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Zou Z, Yunzeng Z, Ying W, Mizuno T, Veki K, Tobe K, Kadowaki T, Nagai R, Yazaki Y. 1994. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist TCV-116-nduces regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy in vivo and inhibits the intracellular signaling pathway of stretch-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Circulation 89:2204–2211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Weinberg EO, Schoen FJ, George D, Kagaya Y, Douglas PS, et al. 1994. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prolongs survival and modifies the transition to heart failure in rats with pressure-overload hypertrophy due to ascending aortic stenosis. Circulation 90:1410–1422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ruzicika M, Leenen FH. 1995. Relevance of blockade of cardiac and circulatory angiotensin-converting enzyme for the prevention of volume overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Circulation 91:16–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Ruzicka M, Yuan B, Harmsen E, Leenen FH. 1993. The renin-angiotensin system and volume overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor versus angiotensin II receptor blocker. Circulation 87:921–930.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pfeffer JM, Fisher TA, Pfeffer MA. 1995. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Annu Rev Physiol 57:805–826.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kent RL, McDermott PJ. 1996. Passive load and angiotensin II evoke differential responses of gene expression and protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 78:829–838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S, Zou Y, Shiojima I, Hiroi Y, Mizuno T, Maemura K, Kurihara H, Aikawa R, Takano H, Yazaki Y. 1996. Endothelin-1 is involved in mechanical stress-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 271:3221–3228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Giroir BP, Horton JW, White JD, Mclntyre KL, Lin CQ. 1994. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor prevents myocardial dysfunction during bum shock. Am J Physiol 267:H118–H124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Yokoyama T, Nakono M, Bednarczyk JL, Mclntyre BW, Entman M, Mann DL. 1997. Tumor necrosis factor-α provokes a hypertrophic response in adult cardiac myocytes. Circulation 95:1247–1252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Reiss K, Kajstura J, Capasso JM, Marino TA, Anversa P. 1993. Impairment of myocyte contractility following coronary artery narrowing is associated with activation of the myocyte IGF1 autocrine system, enhanced expression of late growth related genes, DNA synthesis, and myocyte nuclear mitotic division in rats. Exp Cell Res 207:348–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Komuro I, Shibazaki Y, Kurabayashi M, Takaku F, Yazaki Y. 1990. Molecular cloning of gene sequences from rat heart rapidly responsive to pressure-overload. Circ Res 66:979–985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Chien KR, Zhu H, Knowlton KU, Miller-Hance W, van-Bilsen M, et al. 1993. Transcriptional regulation during cardiac growth and development. Annu Rev Physiol 55:77–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Komuro I, Yazaki Y. 1993. Control of cardiac gene expression by mechanical stress. Annu Rev Physiol 55:55–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Morgan HE, Baker KM. 1991. Cardiac hypertrophy. Circulation 83:13–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Wiesner RJ, Ehmke H, Faulhaber J, Zak R, Ruegg C. 1997. Dissociation of left ventricular hypertropy, β-myosin heavy chain gene expression, and myosin isoform switch in rats after ascending aortic stenosis. Circulation 95:1253–1259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Sadoshima J, Izumo S. 1993. Mechanical stretch rapidly activates multiple signal transduction pathways in cardiac myocytes: Potential involvement of an autocrine/paracrine mechanism. Embo J 12:1681–1692.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Komuro I, Kudo S, Yamazaki T, Shiojima I, Hiroi Y, Zou Y, Yazaki Y. 1995. Mechanical stretch activates JNK in cardiac myocytes (abstract). Circulation 92:1–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Sadoshima J, Takahashi T, Jahn L, Izumo S. 1992. Roles of mechano-sensitive ion channels, cytoskeleton, and contractile activity in stretch-induced immediate-early gene expression and hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:9905–9909.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S, Zou Y, Shiojima I, Mizumo T, Takano H, Hiroi Y, Veki K, Tobe K, Kadowaki T, Nagai R, Yazaki Y. 1995. Mechanical stress activates protein kinase cascade of phosphorylation in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. J Clin Invest 96:438–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Yamazaki T, Tobe K, Hoh E, Maemura K, Kaida T, Komuro I, Tamemoto H, Kadowaki T, Nagai R, Yazaki Y. 1993. Mechanical loading activates mitogen-activated protein-kinase and S6 peptide kinase in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 268:12069–12076.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Sadoshima J, Izumo S. 1997. The cellular and molecular response of cardiac myocytes to mechanical stress. Annu Rev Physiol 59:551–571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Komuro I, Yamazaki Y. 1993. Control of cardiac gene expression by mechanical stress. Annu Rev Physiol 55:55–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lindpaintner K, Wenyan L, Niedermajer N, Schieffer B, Just H, Ganten D, Drexler H. 1993. Selective activation of cardiac angiotensinogen gene expression in post-infarction ventricular remodeling in the rat. J Mol Cell Cardiol 25:133–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Schunkert H, Dzau VJ, Tahn SS, Hirsch AT, Apstein CS, Lorell BH. 1990. Increased rat cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme activity and mRNA expression in pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 86:1913–1920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hirsch AT, Talsness CE, Schunkert H, Paul M, Dzau VJ. 1991. Tissue-specific activation of cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme in experimental heart failure. Cir Res 69:475–482.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Suzuki J, Matsubara H, Urakami M, Inada M. 1993. Rat angiotensin II (type 1A) receptor mRNA regulation and subtype expression in myocardial growth and hypertrophy. Circ Res 73:439–447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Nio Y, Matsubara H, Murasawa H, Kanasaki M, Inada M. 1995. Regulation of gene transcription of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 95:46–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Schunkert H, Dzau VJ, Tang SS, Hirsh AT, Apstein CS, Lorell BH. 1990. Increased rat cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and mRNA expression in pressure overload left ventriculat hypertrophy. Effects on coronary resistance, contractility and relaxation. J Clin Invest 86:1913–1920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Zhang X, Dostal DE, Reiss K, Cheng W, Kajstura J, Li P, Huang H, Sonnenblick EH, Meggs LG, Baker KM, Anversa P. 1995. Identification and activation of autocrine renin-angiotensin system in adult ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol 269:H1791–H1802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lee YA, Liang CS, Lee MA, Linpaintner K. 1996. Local stress, not systemic factors, regulate gene expression of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system in vivo: A comprehensive study of all its components in the dog. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11035–11040.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Lou Y-k, Robinson BG, Morris BJ. 1993. Renin messenger RNA, detected by polymerase chain reaction, can be switched on in rat atrium. J Hypertens 11:237–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Boer PH, Ruzicka M, Lear W, Harmsen E, Rosenthal J, Leenen FHH. 1994. Stretch-mediated activation of cardiac renin gene. Am J Physiol H1630–H1636.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Malhotra R, Sadoshima J, Izumo S. 1994. Mechanical stretch upregulates expression of the local renin-angiotensin system genes in cardiac myocytes in vitro (abstract). Circulation 90:1–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Shyu KG, Chen JJ, Shih NL, Chang H, Wang DL, Lien WP, Liew CC.1995. Angiotensinogen gene expression is induced by cyclical mechanical stretch in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophy Res Commun 211:241–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Sadoshima J, Malhotra R, Izumo S. 1996. The role of the cardiac renin-angiotensin sytem in load-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Cardiac Failure 2(4S):S1–S6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Everett AD, Tufro-McReddie A, Fisher A, Gomez A. 1994. Angiotensin receptor regulates cardiac hypertrophy and transforming growth factor-β, expression. Hypertens 23:587–592.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Focaccio A, Volpe M, Ambrosio G, Lembo G, Pannain S, Rubattu S, Enea I, Pignalosa S, Chiariello M. 1993. Angiotensin II directly stimulates release of atrial natriuretic factor in isolated rabbit hearts. Circulation 87:192–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Schorb W, Booz GW, Dostal DE, Conrad KM, Chang KC, Baker KM. 1993. Angiotensin II is mitogenic in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res 72:1245–1254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Vilarreal FJ, Kim NN, Ungab GD, Printz MP, Dillman WH. 1993. Identification of functional angiotensin II receptors on rat cardiac fibroblasts. Circulation 88:2849–2861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Baker KM, Aceto JF. 1990. Angiotensin II stimulation of protein synthesis and cell growth in chick heart cells. Am J Physiol 259:H610–H618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Crawford DC, Chobonian AV, Brecher P. 1994. Angiotensin II induces fibronectin expression associated with cardiac fibrosis in the rat. Circ Res 74:727–739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Neuβ M, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Fleck E. 1994. Human cardiac fibroblasts express an angiotensin receptor with unusual binding characteristics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 204:1334–1339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Sadoshima J, Izumo S. 1993. Signal transduction pathways of angiotensin II induced c-fos gene expression in cardiac myocytes in vitro: Roles of phospholipid-derived second messengers. Cir Res 73:424–438.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Sadoshima J, Qiu Z, Morgan J, Izumo S. 1995. Angiotensin II and other hypertrophic stimuli mediated by G protein-coupled receptors activate tyrosine kinase, MAP kinase and 90kDa S6 kinase in cardiac myocytes: The critical role of Ca2+-dependent signaling. Cir Res 76:1–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Sadoshima J, Izumo S. 1995. Rapamycin selectively inhibits angiotensin II-induced increase in protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes in vitro; a potetial role of 70kDa S6 kinase. Circ Res 77:1040–1052.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sadoshima J, Izumo S. 1996. The heterotrimeric Gq protein-coupled angiotensin II receptor activates p21ras via the tyrosine kinase-Shc-Grb2-Sos pathway in cardiac myocytes. EMBO J 15:775–787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Marrero MB, Schieffer B, Paxton WG, Heerdt L, Berk BC, Delafontaine P, Bernstein KE. 1995. Direct stimulation of Jak/STAT pathway by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor. Nature 375:247–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Bhath GJ, Thekkumkara TJ, Thomas WG, Conrad KM, Baker KM. 1994. Angiotensin II stimulates sis-inducing factor-like DNA binding activity. J Biol Chem 269:31443–31449.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Darnell JE, Kerr IM, Stark GR. 1994. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signalling proteins. Science 264:1415–1421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Webb ML, Lieu ECK, Cohen RB. 1992. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II type II receptor in rat pheochromocytoma cells. Peptides 13:499–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Zagrosek VR, Neuβ M, Holzmeister J, Wamecke C, Fleck E. 1996. Molecular biology of angiotensin receptors and their role in human cardiovascular disease. J Mol Med 74:233–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Booz GW, Baker KM. 1996. Role of type 1 and type 2 angiotensin receptors in angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Cir Res 28:635–640.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Nakajima M, Hutchinson HG, Fuginaga M, Hayashida W, Morishita R, Zhang L, Horiuchi M, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ. 1995. The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonizes the growth effects of the AT1 receptor: Gain-of-function study using gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:10663–10667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Stoll M, Steckelings UM, Paul M, Bottari SP, Metzger R, Unger T. 1995. The angiotensin II AT2-receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 95:651–657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ. 1995. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase dephosphorylation by angiotensin II type 2 receptor induces apoptosis (abstract). Circulation 92(Suppl I):499.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Bennett MR, Evan GI, Schwartz SM. 1995. Apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells derived from normal vessels and coronary atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 95:2266–2274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ. 1996. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:156–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ito M, Oliverio MI, Mannon PJ, Christopher FB, Maeda N, Smithies O, Coffman TM. 1995. Regulation of blood pressure by the type la angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3521–3525.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Ichiki T, Labolsky PA, Shiota C, Okuyama S, Imagawa Y, Fogo A, Niimura F, Ichikawa I, Hogan BLM, Inagami T. 1995. Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behaviour of mice lacking angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Nature 377:748–750.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hein L, Barsh GS, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ, Kobilka BK. 1995. Behavioural and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene in mice. Nature 377:744–747.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Fugi N, Tanaka M, Ohnishi J, et al. 1995. Alterations of angiotensin receptor content in hypertro-phied hearts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 212:326–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Tanimoto K, Sugiyama F, Goto Y, Ishida J, Takimoto E, Yagami K, Fukamizu A, Murakami K. 1994. Angiotensinogen-deficient mice with hypotension J Biol Chem 269:31334–31337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Nyui N, Tamura K, Ishigami T, Hibi K, Yabana M, Kihara M, Fukamizu A, Ochiai H, Umemura S, Murakami K, Ohno S, Ishii M. 1997. Stretch-induced MAP kinase activation in cardiomyocytes of angiotensinogen-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 235:36–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Ohta K, Kim S, Wanibuchi H, Ganten D, Iwao H. 1996. Contribution of local renin-angiotensin system to cardiac hypertrophy, phenotypic modulation, and remodeling in TGR (mRen2) 27 transgenic rats. Circulation 94:785–791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Bohm M, Lee M, Kreutz R, Kim S, Schinke M, Djavidani B, Wagner J, Kaling M, Wienen W, Bader M, et al. 1995. Angiotensin II receptor blockade in TGR (mREN)27: Effects of renin-angiotensin system gene expression and cardiovascular functions. Hypertens 8:891–899.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Ricky Malhotra

  2. Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Seigo Izumo

Authors
  1. Ricky Malhotra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Seigo Izumo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

    Naranjan S. Dhalla Ph.D., M.D. (Hon.) (Distinguished Professor and Director MRC Group in Experimental Cardiology), Peter Zahradka Ph.D. (Associate Professor), Ian M. C. Dixon Ph.D. (Assistant Professor) & Robert E. Beamish M.D. (Professor Emeritus) (Distinguished Professor and Director MRC Group in Experimental Cardiology),  (Associate Professor),  (Assistant Professor) &  (Professor Emeritus)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Malhotra, R., Izumo, S. (1998). Mechanical Stress, Local Renin-Angiotensin System and Cardiac Hypertrophy: An Overview. In: Dhalla, N.S., Zahradka, P., Dixon, I.M.C., Beamish, R.E. (eds) Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade Physiological and Clinical Implications. Progress in Experimental Cardiology, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5743-2_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5743-2_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7631-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5743-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation