Abstract
The operation principle of a solar cell is based on a sufficiently long lifetime of photoexcited electrons and holes such that they can become spatially separated and thus contribute to the net current. A “classical” solar cell consists of a p-type and an n-type domain formed within the same material, thus creating a p-n junction. Geminate recombination (i.e. recombination of photoexcited electrons and holes associated with each other by one photon absorption event) is prevented in such a cell by the internal field existing at the p-n junction. After separation, carrier recombination may still take place. In fact, non-geminate recombination is the most important loss mechanism in a solar cell.
We chose to examine discharge-produced a-Si as a potential solar cell material because of its unusual electrical and optical properties. —D.E. Carlson and C.R. Wronski, 1976
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arya, R.R., A. Catalano, and R.S. Oswald, Amorphous silicon p-i-n solar cells with graded interface, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49 (1986) 1089–1091.
Arya, R.R., R.S. Oswald, Y.M. Li, N. Maley, K. Jansen, L. Yang, L.F. Chen, F. Willig, M.S. Bennet, J. Morris, and D.E. Carlson, Progress in amorphous silicon based multijunction modules, 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, (Proc. 24th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Waikoloa, HI, USA, December 1994) 394–400.
Ashida, Y., Single-junction a-Si solar cells with over 13 % efficiency, Techn. Digest of the International PVSEC-7, Nagoya, Japan, 1993, 33–36.
Banerjee, A., and S. Guha, Study of back reflectors for amorphous silicon alloy solar cell application, J. Appl. Phys. 69 (1991) 1030–1035.
Beneking, C., B. Rech, Th. Eickhoff, Y.G. Michael, N. Schultz, and H. Wagner, Preparation and light stability of a-Si/a-Si stacked solar cells, 12th International E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1994, Eds. R. Hill, W. Palz, and P. Helm (H.S. Stephens and Associates, 1994) 683–686.
Carlson, D.E., and C.R. Wronski, Amorphous silicon solar cell, Appl. Phys. Lett. 28 (1976) 671–673.
Carlson, D.E. and B.F. Williams, Photodetector having enhanced back reflection, U.S. Patent No. 4,442,310; April 10, 1984.
Daey Ouwens, J., R.E.I. Schropp, J. Wallinga, W.F. van der Weg, M. Ritala, M. Leskelä, and J. Hyvärinen, Titanium dioxide as superior transparant conducting oxide for an improved conversion efficiency of a-Si solar cells, 12th International E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1994, Eds. R. Hill, W. Palz, and P. Helm (H.S. Stephens and Assoc, 1994) 1296–1299.
Deckman, H.W., C.R. Wronski, H. Witzke, and E. Yablonovitch, Optically enhanced amorphous silicon solar cells, Appl. Phys. Lett. 42 (1983) 968–970.
Deng, X., and K.L. Narasimhan, New evaluation technique for thin-film solar cell back-reflector using photothermal deflection spectroscopy, 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, (Proc. 24th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Waikoloa, HI, USA, December 1994) 555–558.
De Nijs, J.M.M.C. Carvalho, M. Santos, and R. Martins, A thin SiO layer as a remedy for the indium reduction at the In 2O3/μc-Si:C:E interface, Appl. Surf. Sci. 52 (1991) 339–342.
Fujikake, S., K. Tabuchi, T. Yoshida, Y. Ichikawa and H. Sakai, Flexible a-Si solar cells with plastic film substrate, in: Amorphous Silicon Technology — 1995, edited by M. Hack, E.A. Schiff, A. Madan, M. Powell, and A. Matsuda, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc. 377 (1995) 609–619.
Gordon, R., J. Proscia, F.B. Ellis, and A.E. Delahoy, Textured tin oxide films produced by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition from tetramethyltin and their usefulness ion producing light trapping in thin film amorphous silicon solar cells, Solar Energy Mater. 18 (1989) 263–281.
Green, M.A., A. Wang, J. Zhao, G.F. Zheng, W. Zhang, Z. Shi, C.B. Honsberg, and S.R. Wenham, 23.5 % efficiency and other recent improvements in silicon solar cell and module performance, 12th International E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1994, Eds. R. Hill, W. Palz, and P. Helm (H.S. Stephens and Assoc., 1994) 776–779.
Guha, S., J. Yang, A. Pawlikiewicz, T. Glatfelter, R. Ross, and S.R. Ovshinsky, Band-gap profiling for improving the efficiency of amorphous silicon alloy solar cells, Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 2330–2332.
Guha, S., J. Yang, A. Banerjee, and S. Sugiyama, Material issues in the commercialization of amorphous silicon ally thin-film photovoltaic technology, in: Amorphous and Macrocrystalline Silicon Technology — 1998, edited by R. Schropp, H. Branz, S. Wagner, M. Hack, and I. Shimizu, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc. 507 (1998) in print.
Hack, M., and M. Shur, Physics of amorphous silicon alloy p-i-n solar cells, J. Appl. Phys. 58 (1985) 997–1020.
Hamberg, I., and C.G. Granqvist, Evaporated Sn-doped In2O3 films: basic optical properties and applications to energy-efficient windows, J. Appl. Phys. 60 (1986) R123–R159.
Hartnagel, H., A. Dawar, A. Jain, and C. Jagadish, Semiconducting Transparent Thin Films, (Institute of Physics Publishing, 1995).
Ichikawa, Y., T. Ihara, S. Saito, H. Ota, S. Fujikake, and H. Sakai, Production technology for large area amorphous silicon solar cells with high efficiency, 11th E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1992, Eds. L. Guimarães, W. Palz, C. de Reyff, H. Kiess, and P. Helm (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1992) 203–206.
Iida, H., N. Shiba, T. Mishuku, H. Karasawa, A. Ito, M. Yamanaka, and Y. Hayashi, Efficiency of the a-Si:H solar cell and grain size of SnO 2 transparent conductive film, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. EDL-4 (1983) 157–159.
Keppner, H., P. Torres, J. Meier, R. Platz, D. Fischer, U. Kroll, S. Dubail, J.A. Anna Selvan, N. Pellaton Vaucher, Y. Ziegler, R. Tscharner, Ch. Hof, N. Beck, M. Goetz, P. Pernet, M. Goerlitzer, N. Wyrsch, J. Veuille, J. Cuperus, A. Shah, J. Pohl, The “Micromorph” cell: a new way to high-efficiency low-temperature crystalline silicon thin-film cell manufacturing?, in: Advances in Microcrystalline and Nanocrystalline Semiconductors-1996, edited by R.W. Collins, P.M. Faucher, I. Shimizu, J.C. Vial, T. Shimada, and A.P. Alivisatos, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc. 452 (1996) 865–876.
Kluth, O., A. Löffl, S. Wieder, C. Beneking, W. Appenzeller, L. Houben, B. Rech, H. Wagner, S. Hoffmann, R. Waser, J.A. Anna Selvan, and H. Keppner, Texture etched Al-doped ZnO: a new material for enhanced light trapping in thin film solar cells Proc. of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1997, Anaheim, CA, USA, 715–718.
Kubon, M., E. Böhmer, F. Siebke, B. Rech, C. Beneking, and H. Wagner, Solution of the ZnO/p contact problem in a-Si:H solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 41/42 (1996) 485–492.
Kusian, W., J. Furlan, G. Conte, F. Smole, M. Topic, and P. Popovic, The pin/TCO/-nip a-Si:H solar module, 12th International E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1994, Eds. R. Hill, W. Palz, and P. Helm (H.S. Stephens and Assoc, 1994) 1249–1252.
Landweer, G.E.N., B.S. Girwar, C.H.M. van der Werf, J.W. Metselaar, and R.E.I. Schropp, Enhanced efficiency and stability of amorphous silicon tandem solar cells by applying a highly reflective back contact, 12th International E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1992, Eds. R. Hill, W. Palz, and P. Helm (H.S. Stephens and Associates, 1994) 1300–1303.
Maycock, P., PV News, February (1998).
Meier, J., S. Dubail, J. Cuperus, U. Kroll, R. Platz, P. Torres, J.A. Anna Selvan, P. Pernet, N. Beck, N. Pellaton Vaucher, Ch. Hof, D. Fischer, H. Keppner, and A. Shah, Recent progress in micromorph cells, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 227-230 (1998) 1250–1256.
Meier, J., H. Keppner, S. Dubail, U. Kroll, P. Torres, P. Pernet, Y. Ziegler, J.A. Anna Selvan, J. Cuperus, D. Fischer, and A. Shah, Microcrystalline single-junction and micromorph tandem thin film silicon solar cells, in: Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology — 1998, edited by R. Schropp, H. Branz, S. Wagner, M. Hack, and I. Shimizu, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc. 507 (1998) in print.
Miyachi, K., N. Ishiguro, T. Miyashita, N. Yanagawa, H. Tanaka, M. Koyama, Y. Ashida, and N. Fukuda, Fabrication of single pin type solar cells with a high conversion efficiency of 13.0 %, 11th E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1992, Eds. L. Guimarães, W. Palz, C. de Reyff, H. Kiess, and P. Helm (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1992) 88–91.
Mizuhashi, M., Y. Gotoh, and K. Adachi, Texture morphology of SnO 2:F films and cell reflectance, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27 (1988) 2053–2061.
Morris, J., R.R. Arya, J.G. O’Dowd, and S. Wiedemann, Absorption Enhancement in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) based solar cells, J. Appl. Phys. 67 (1990) 1079–1087.
Hishikawa, Y., K. Ninomiya, E. Maruyama, S. Kuroda, A. Terakawa, K. Sayama, H. Tarui, M. Sasaki, S. Tsuda, and S. Nakano, Approaches for stable multi-junction a-Si solar cells, 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, (Proc. 24th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Waikoloa, HI, USA, December 1994) 386–393.
Rath, J.K., F.A. Rubinelli, and R.E.I. Schropp, Microcrystalline n-and p-layers at the tunnel junction of a-Si:H/a-Si:H tandem cells, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 227-230 (1998) 1282–1286.
Rath, J.K., and R.E.I. Schropp, Incorporation of p-type microcrystalline silicon films in amorphous silicon based solar cells in a superstrate structure, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 53 (1998) 189–203.
Rochelau, R.E., M. Tun, and S.S. Hegedus, Analysis and optimization of high efficiency multijunction a-Si:H solar cells, Proc. 26th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA, 1997) 703–706.
Roth, A.P., and D.F. Williams, Semiconducting ZnO fims prepared by Metal Organic CVD from diethyl zinc, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 2684–2686.
Schropp, R.E.I., and A. Madan, Properties of conductive zinc oxide films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering for transparent electrode applications J. Appl. Phys. 66 (1989) 2027–2031.
Shah, A., New and enhanced silicon solar cells, First JOULE III PV Contractor’s meeting, May 5–7, 1998, CCAB-Brussels.
Street, R.A., Hydrogenated amorphous silicon, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1991).
Tanaka, H., N. Ishiguro, T. Miyashita, N. Yanagawa, M. Sadamoto, M. Koyama, Y. Ashida, and N. Fukuda, Fabricating high performance a-Si solar cells by alternately repeating deposition and hydrogen plasma treatment method, Techn. Digest of the International PVSEC-7, Nagoya, Japan, 1993, 269–271.
Tao, G., B.S. Girwar, G. Landweer, M. Zeman, and J.W. Metselaar, Highly reflective TCO/Al back contact for a-Si:H solar cells, 11th E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1992, Eds. L. Guimarães, W. Palz, C. de Reyff, H. Kiess, and P. Helm (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1992) 605–608.
Tawada, Y., H. Okamoto, and Y. Hamakawa, a-SiC:H/a-Si:H heterojunction solar cell having more than 7.1 % efficiency, Appl. Phys. Lett. 39 (1981) 237–239.
Terakawa, A., M. Shima, T. Kinoshita, M. Isomura, M. Tanaka, S. Kiyama, S. Tsuda, and H. Matsunami, The effect of the optical gap and compositions of a-SiGe:H solar cells on the time decay of light-induced degradation, Proc. of the 14th E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 30 June–4 July 1997, Barcelona, Spain, Eds. H.A. Ossenbrink, P. Helm, and H. Ehmann (H.S. Stephens and Associates, 1997) 2359–2362.
Von der Linden, M.B., R.E.I. Schropp, J. Stammeijer and W.F. van der Weg, Evaluation of the DICE method as a tool for amorphous silicon solar cell optimization, in: Amorphous Silicon Technology — 1992, edited by M.J. Thompson, Y. Hamakawa, P.G. LeComber, A. Madan, and E. Schiff, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc. 258 (1992) 935–940.
Von Roedern, B., Higher cell efficiencies through defect engineering of solar cell junctions, 11th E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1992, Eds. L. Guimarães, W. Palz, C. de Reyff, H. Kiess, and P. Helm (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1992) 295–298.
Walker, C., R.E. Hollingsworth, and A. Madan, Determination of the efficiency enhancement due to scattering from rough TCO contact for a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells, in: Amorphous Silicon Semiconductors — Pure and Hydrogenated, edited by A. Madan, M. Thompson, D. Adler, and Y. Hamakawa, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc. 95 (1987) 527–532.
Wallinga, J., W.M. Arnold Bik, A.M. Vredenberg, R.E.I. Schropp, and W.F. van der Weg, Reduction of tin oxide by hydrogen radicals, to be published in J. Phys. Chem. (1998).
Wenas, W.W., K. Dairiki, A. Yamada, M. Konagai, K. Takahashi, J.H. Jang, and K.S. Lim, High efficiency a-Si solar cells with ZnO films, 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, (Proc. 24th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Waikoloa, HI, USA, December 1994) 413–416.
Woodcock, J.M. H. Schade, H. Maurus, B. Dimmler, J. Springer, and A. Ricaud, A study of the upscaling of thin film solar cell manufacture towards 500 MWp per annum, Proc. of the 14th E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 30 June–4 July 1997, Barcelona, Spain, Eds. H.A. Ossenbrink, P. Helm, and H. Ehmann (H.S. Stephens and Associates, 1997) 857–860.
Xi, J., D. Shugar, and H. Volltrauer, Large area module performance and identification and control of p-i interface-correlated device degradation and further improvement in stabilized efficiencies of single-junction a-Si solar cells, 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, (Proc. 24th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Waikoloa, HI, USA, December 1994) 401–404.
Yablanovitch, E., and G.D. Cody, Intensity enhancement in textured optical sheets for solar cells, IEEE Trans. Elec. Dev. ED-29 (1982) 300–305.
Yamamoto, K. Thin film poly-Si solar cell on glass substrate fabricated at low temperature, in: Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology — 1998, edited by R. Schropp, H. Branz, S. Wagner, M. Hack, and I. Shimizu, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc. 507 (1998) in print.
Yamanaka, S., S. Kawamura, M. Konagai and K. Takahashi, Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-3, Tokyo, Japan, 1987, 709-712.
Yang, J., A. Banerjee, T. Glatfelter, K. Hoffman, X. Xu, and S. Guha, Progress in triple-junction amorphous silicon-based alloy solar cells and modules using hydrogen dilution, 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, (Proc. 24th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Waikoloa, HI, USA, December 1994) 380–385.
Yang, J., A. Banerjee, and S. Guha, Triple-junction amorphous silicon alloy solar cell with 14.6 % initial and 13.0 % stable conversion efficiencies, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 (1997) 2975–2977.
Yang, J., A. Banerjee, S. Sugiyama, and S. Guha, Correlation of component cells with high efficiency amorphous silicon alloy triple-junction solar cells and modules, presented at the 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, to be published.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schropp, R.E.I., Zeman, M. (1998). Technology of Solar Cells. In: Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Modeling, Materials and Device Technology. Electronic Materials: Science & Technology, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5631-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5631-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-8317-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5631-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive