Collectivist Societies with Participation in Decision Making

Abstract

Eastern cultures cherish collectivist values, obedience,harmony, security. The Japanese management strategy: lifelong employment and involvement, the importance of the middle manager. The Japanese P M theory of leadership, the Ringi systyem, the Tagushi method. Japan and foreign markets: investments even in recession, joint ventures, adaptation to foreign environments. Japan’s steady economic boom in the last decades, the handlingof the recession in the early ’1990s. The transition from cloner to inventor. The Japanese learning society, changes take place, the collectivist-participative pattern remains. No convergence of the American and the Japanese management patterns: the two are continuing to drift apart.