Abstract
Lead is ubiquitous on the earth’s crust, it is found at low concentration in most soils. Anthropogenic activities, such as mining and processing have steadily increased the level of lead in the environment. Lead has been used by man for various purposes, such as ammunition, piping, vessels, batteries, and as an anti-knocking agent in gasoline engines. It is also a hazardous constituent that has been known to cause abnormalities in the nervous system, the reproductive system and the gastro-intestinal system. Because of its solubility and sorption properties, lead tends to accumulate more in the colloidal fractions of the soil than in water.
The Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) firing ranges are usually located indoors, often without adequate ventilation to purge out the lead particulate that emanate from shale chambers and bullets. To assess lead contamination from the Army and Navy ROTC ranges at the University of Oklahoma, soil and dust samples were collected using plastic shovels and damp filter papers. Soil samples were sieved using standard ASTM sieve stacks. The extent of contamination was investigated on each soil fraction by assaying the lead content. Lead was measured using an atomic absorption/flame emission unit after digestion with concentrated nit is acid. The amount of lead found in the soil samples indicated strong pollution of the fir-in ranges. Total lead ranged from 295,801 ppm in the most contaminated location to <1 ppm in the least contaminated location. The area of greatest contamination was behind the target line. Sweeping dust samples were collected with damp filter papers from the Army and Navy range floors to measure the lead content. Several soil samples were also taken from 2 inches under the clay liner to track possible mobility of lead through the surface sandy soil. The results of these analyses indicated that lead was primarily associated with the upper portion of the soil. Dust and straw samples from the walls and ceilings showed that particulate lead was present at concentrations high enough to cause adverse effects to health. Four chemicals: EDTA, NTA, HC1, and HNO3, were evaluated as potential soil washing solvents to remove lead from the contaminated soil. Use of 1.0 N HNO3at 1:40 (soil/acid) ratio was found to be the most efficient solution for lead removal. The recovery was 96.5% after 36 h of equilibration with this extraction solution. A 1.0 N NaOH solution was gradually added to the extract in order to determine an optimum pH range for precipitation of lead. Lead precipitated out of the solution at 99.9% in the pH range of 10-10.31.
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Atalay, A., Chen, RH., Skierkowski, P. (1997). Extraction of Lead from Soil in ROTC Firing Ranges. In: Tedder, D.W., Pohland, F.G. (eds) Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5387-8_15
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