Abstract
Among patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with a focus in identical anatomical locations, some patients have non-convulsive seizures exclusively, even when medication is withdrawn, while others begin with generalized convulsive seizures which readily recur when medication is reduced. Between these two extremes, there are those patients who display partial motor seizure without ever developing secondary generalization. The reason for such differences is not known. A less favorable prognosis has been suggested for those partial epilepsy patients with generalized seizures than for those without14,26,27. Furthermore, convulsive evolution in partial seizure is reported to be the major factor for a serious morbidity in status epilepticus6. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying convulsive evolution and its bilateralization/generalization is important since once they are defined, it may be possible to modify them for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes. However, due to the complexity and diversity of both etiologic and genetic factors in human epilepsy little progress has been made in our understanding, which is largely dependent on studies in animal models, of the underlying mechanisms. One of these models, kindling, has proved to be an ideal one for partial onset secondarily generalized seizure28. In this model, we have become accustomed to assessing the degree of kindling susceptibility by the speed with which convulsive development and its bilateralization/generalization occur. In general, once a day amygdaloid (AM) stimulation results in secondarily generalized convulsion in about two weeks in rodents, four weeks in cats, and 6–10 months in rhesus monkeys. Some strain difference has been noted within the same species as to the kindling rate24,46. In our laboratory we also noted, for example, that black hooded rats tend to kindle faster than Wister rats. Indeed, the potential contribution of genetic susceptibility has been studied by subjecting strains of mice17, gerbils2 and audiogenic rats to kindling4 assessing resultant evidence of interaction between kindling and intrinsic seizure predisposition.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baba, H., Sakai, S. and Wada, J.A., Premotor (area 6) cortical kindling in primates: Senegalese baboon (Papio papio) and rhesus monkey, In Wada, J.A. (Ed) Kindling 3, Raven Press, New York, 1986 447–469.
Cain, P. and Corcoran, M.E., Kindling in the seizure-prone and seizure resistant Mongolian gerbil, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophvsiol, 49 (1980) 360–365.
Chiba, S. and Wada, J.A., Amygdala kindling in rats with brain stem bisection, Brain Res., 682 (1995) 50–54.
Coffey, L.L., Reith, M.E.A., Chen, N.H., Mishra, P.K. and Jobe, P.C., Amygdala kindling of forebrain seizures and the occurrence of brain stem seizures in genetically epilepsy-prone rats, Epilepsia, 37 (1996) 188–197.
Corcoran, M.E., Cain, D.P. and Wada, J.A., Amygdaloid kindling in Papio cynocephalus and subsequent recurrent spontaneous seizures, Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica,38 (1984) 151–159.
DeLorenzo, R.J., Pellock, J.M. Towne, A.R. and Buggs, J.G., Epidemiology of status epilepticus, J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 12 (1995) 316–325.
Ehara, T. and Wada, J.A., Midline thalamus and amygdaloid kindling, In Wada, J.A. (Ed) Kindling 4, Raven Press, New York, (1990) 409–422.
Fukuda, H., Wada, J.A., Riche, D. and Naquet, R., Role of the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure on transfer phenomenon in amygadaloid kindled cats, Exp. Neurol., 98 (1987) 189–197.
Goddard, G.V., McIntyre, D.C. and Leech, C.K., A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily stimulation, Exp. Neurol., 25 (1969), 295–330.
Hiyoshi, T. and Wada, J.A., Midline thalamic lesion and feline amygdaloid kindling. I. Effect of lesion placement prior to kindling, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 70 (1988) 325–338.
Hiyoshi, T. and Wada, J.A., Lasting nature of both transfer and interference in amygdaloid kindling in cats: observation upon stimulation with 11 month rest following primary site kindling, Epilepsia, 33 (1992) 222–227.
Hiyoshi, T., Wada, J.A., Kudo, T., Amano, K., Yagi, K. and Seino, M., Amygdaloid kindling in the Japanese monkey Macaca fuscata. I: Electroclinical seizure development and developed seizure, Epilepsia,In press.
Ishibashi, M. and Wada, J.A., Division of massa intermedia has no effect in feline amygdaloid kindling, Epilepsia, 31 (1990) 632.
Juul-Jensen, P. and Foldspang, A., Natural history of epileptic seizures, Epilepsia, 24 (1983) 297–312.
Kudo, T. and Wada, J.A., Effect of unilateral claustral lesion on intermittent light stimulation-induced convulsive response in D,D-allylglycine treated cats, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 95 (1995) 63–68.
Kudo, T. and Wada, J.A., Claustrum and amygdaloid kindling, In Wada, J.A. (Ed) Kindling 4, Plenum Press, New York, 1990 397–408.
Leech, C.K. and McIntyre, D.C., Kindling rates in inbred mice: an analog to learning ? Behaviour Biol., 16 (1976) 439–452.
McCaughran J.A. Jr., Corcoran, M.E. and Wada, J.A., Development of kindling amygdaloid seizures after section of the forebrain commissures in rats, Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica, 30 (1976) 65–71.
McCaughran, J.A., Corcoran, M.E. and Wada, J.A., Role of the forebrain commissures in amygdaloid kindling in rats, Epilepsia, 19 (1978), 19–33.
McIntyre, D.C., Split brain rat: transfer and interference of kindled amygdala convulsions, In Wada, J.A. (Ed) Kindling, Raven Press, New York, (1996) 85–102.
McIntyre, D.C., Forebrain commissure and limbic Kindled,In Reeves,A.J.(Ed)Epilepsy and the corpus callosum 2,Plenum Press.New Yirk,1995 79–89
McIntyre, D.C. and Goddard, G.V., Transfer, interference and spontaneous recovery of convulsions kindled from the rat amygdala, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 35 (1973) 533–543.
Naquet, R., Silva-Comte, C. and Menini, C., Implication of the frontal cortex in paroxysmal manifestations (EEG and EMG) induced by light stimulation in the Papio papio, In: Speckmann, E.J. and Elger, C.E. (Eds.) Epilepsy and motor system,Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich, 1983 220–237.
Racine, R.J., Burhnam, W.M. and Gartner J.G., Rates of motor seizure development in rats subjected to electrical brain stimulation: strain and interstimulus interval, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 35 (1973) 553–556.
Riche, D. and Lanoir, J., Some claustro-cortical connections in the cat and baboon as studied by retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport, J. Comp. Neurol., 177 (1978) 435–444.
Rodin, E.A., The prognosis of patients with epilepsy, Charles C, Thomas, Springfield,Ill., 1968.
Schmidt, D., Jing-Jane, T. and Jang, D., Generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients with complex partial seizures: Natural history and prognostic relevance, Epilepsia, 24 (1983), 43–48.
Wada, J.A. Preface. Wada, J.A. Kindling, Raven Press, New York. 1976.
Wada, J.A., Amygdaloid and frontal cortical kindling in subhuman primates. In Girgis, M. and Kiloh, L.G. (Eds.) Limbic epilepsy and the dyscontrol syndrome, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (1980) 133–147.
Wada, J.A., Secondary cerebral functional alterations examined in the kindling model of epilepsy. In Mayerdorf, A. and Schmidt, R.P. (Eds.) Secondary epileptogenesis,Raven Press, New York (1982),45–114.
Wada, J.A., Erosion of kindled epileptogenesis and kindling induced long-term seizure suppressive effect in primates, In J.A. Wada (Ed) Kindling 4, Raven Press, New York, 1990, 383–396.
Wada, J.A., Forebrain convulsive mechanisms examined in the primate model of generalized epilepsy: emphasis on the claustrum. In Malafosse, A., Genton, P., Hirsch, E. et al (Eds.) Idiopathic generalized epilepsies: clinical, experimental and genetic aspects, John Libby, London, (1994) 349–374.
Wada, J.A. and Komai, T., Effect of anterior two thirds callosal bisection upon bisymmetrical and bisynchronous generalized convulsions kindled from amygdala in epileptic baboon, Papio papio, In Reeves, A.G. (Ed) Epilepsy and the corpus callosum, Plenum Press, New York, 1985 75–98.
Wada, J.A. and Mizoguchi, T., Limbic kindling in the forebrain bisected photosensitive baboon Papio papio. Epilepsia, 25 (1984) 278–287.
Wada, J.A and Naquet, R., Examination of neural mechanisms involved in photogenic seizure susceptibility in epileptic Senegalese baboon, Papio papio, Epilepsia, 13 (1972) 344.
Wada, J.A. and Okamoto, M., The differential role of the mesial and lateral frontal cortices in amygdaloid kindling and kindled seizure in Senegalese baboons, Papio papio, Wada, J.A. (Ed.) Kindling 3, Raven Press, New York (1986) 409–426.
Wada, J.A. and Osawa, T., Spontaneous recurrent seizure state induced by daily electric amygdaloid stimulation in Senegalese baboons Papio papio, Neurology, 26 (1976) 273–28.
Wada, J.A. and Sato, M., The generalized convulsive seizure state induced by daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala in split brain cats, Epilepsia, 16 (1975) 417–430.
Wada, J.A. and Tsuchimochi, H., Claustral activation of hemispheric motor mechanism in partial seizure, Epilepsia, 33 (1992) 37.
Wada, J.A. and Tsuchimochi, H., Cingulate kindling in Senegalese baboons, Papio papio, Epilepsia, 36 (1995) 1142–1151.
Wada, J.A., Mizoguchi, T. and Komai, S., Cortical motor activation in amygdaloid kindling: observations in nonepileptic monkeys with anterior two thirds callosal section, In Wada, J.A. (Ed) Kindling 2, (1981) 235–248.
Wada, J.A., Mizoguchi, T. and Komai, S., Kindling epileptogenesis in orbital and mesial frontal cortical areas of subhuman primates, Epilepsia, 26 (1985) 472–479.
Wada, J.A., Nakashima, T. and Kaneko, Y, Forebrain bisection and feline amygdaloid kindling, Epilepsia, 23(1982)521–530.
Wada, J.A., Terao, A. and Booker, H.E., Longitudinal correlative analysis of photosensitive baboons, Papio papio, Neurology, 22(1972) 1272–12885.
Wada, J.A., Naquet, R., Cartier, J., Chaharmasson, G. and Menini, C., Further examination of neural mechanisms involved in photogenic seizure susceptibility in the epileptic Senegalese baboon, Papio papio, Electroenceph. Clin. Neueophysiol., 35 (1973) 786.
Wauquier, A. Ashton, D. and Mellis, W., Behavioural analysis of amygdaloid kindling in beagle dogs and the effects of clonazepam, diazepam, phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and flunarizine on seizure manifestation, Exp. Neurol., 64 (1979) 579–586.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wada, J.A. (1998). Genetic Predisposition and Kindling Susceptibility in Primates. In: Corcoran, M.E., Moshé, S.L. (eds) Kindling 5. Advances in Behavioral Biology, vol 48. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5375-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5375-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7453-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5375-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive