Skip to main content

A Behavior Analytic Approach for Treating Depression

  • Chapter
Handbook of Child Behavior Therapy

Part of the book series: Issues in Clinical Child Psychology ((ICCP))

  • 430 Accesses

Abstract

The interest in mood disorders among children has ballooned in the past 15 years as evidenced by the increase in published articles addressing the issue. Amid the surge of interest has been controversy, however. Specifically, proponents of psychoanalytic theory have questioned the existence of mood disorders in children due to their lack of a developed superego (Digdon & Gotlib, 1985), while others have contended that if mood disorders do exist in children, then they are “masked” in the form of other problem behaviors, such as aggression or anxiety (Cytryn & McKnew, 1974; Hammen & Compas, 1994). The current popular view of childhood mood disorders contends that the essential features of depression are similar among children, adolescents, and adults with allowances for developmental differences (Kazdin, 1990).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Reference

Reference

  • Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M.E.P., & Teasdale, J. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,87, 49–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T.M., McConaughy, S.H., Howell, C.T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101,213–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altmann, E.O., & Gotlib, I.H. (1988). The social behavior of depressed children: An observational study. Journal ofAbnormal Child Psychology, 16, 29–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., & Costello, E. (1993). Depressive comorbidity in children and adolescents: Empirical, theoretical, and methodological issues. American Journal of Psychiatry,150, 1779–1791.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, J.R., & Carlson, G.A. (1988). Childhood depression: Five-year outcome following combined cognitive–behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 42, 456–464.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, D.W., Bauer, A.M., Ehrhardt, K.E., Lentz, F.E., & Stollar, S.A. (1996). Keystone targets for change: Planning for widespread positive consequences. School Psychology Quarterly, 11, 95–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, M.L., Berney, T.P., Bhate, S., Famuyiwa, O.O., Fundudis, T. Kolvin, I., & Tyrer, S. (1991). Diagnosing childhood depression: Who should be interviewed—parent or child? British Journal of Psychiatry, 159(Suppl. 11), 22–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A.T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M. Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4,561–571.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., & Steingard, R. (1989). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents. Psychiatric Annals,19, 587–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Newcorn, J., & Sprich, S. (1991). Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 564–577.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, E.U., & Kendall, P.C. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin,111, 244–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G.H., & Forehand, R. (1986). Maternal perceptions of child maladjustment as a function of the combined influence of child behavior and maternal depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 237–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckstein, O.G., Glancy, L.J., & Kaminer, Y. (1992). Pattern of affective comorbidity in a clinical population of dually diagnosed adolescent substance abusers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,31, 1041–1045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, L., Miezitis, S., Frieman, R., & Cole, E. (1980). The effects of two school-based intervention programs on depressive symptoms in preadolescents. American Education Research Journal, 17, 111–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, C.A., & Cantwell, D.P. (1980). A survey of depressive symptoms and disorder in a child psychiatric population. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21,19–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarizio, H.F. (1994). Assessment and treatment of depression and children and adolescents (2nd ed.). Brandon, VT: Clinical Psychology Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D.A., & Rehm, L.P. (1986). Family interaction patterns and childhood depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,14, 297–314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, A.J., Edelbrock, L.S., Dulcan, M.K., Kalas, R., & Klaric, S.H. (1984). Report on the NIHM Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC). Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, S.L., & Worchel, F.F. (1993). Assessment of childhood depression: Sampling multiple data sources with one instrument. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 11,242–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, S.L., Worchel, F.F., & Ash, M.J. (1992). Self-report, peer-report, and teacher-report measures of childhood depression: An analysis by item. Journal of Personality Assessment,59, 189–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cytryn, L., & McKnew, D. (1974). Factors influencing the changing clinical expression of the depressive process in children. American Journal of Psychiatry,131, 879–881.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deykin, E.Y., Levy, J.C., & Wells, V. (1987). Adolescent depression, alcohol and drug abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 178–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Digdon, N., & Gotlib, I.H. (1985). Developmental considerations in the study of childhood depression. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development, 5, 162–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, L. (1990). Developmental psychopathology in children of depressed mothers. Developmental Psychology, 26,3–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, G., & Coyne, J. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108,50–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dujovne, VF., Barnard, M.U., & Rapoff, M.A. (1995). Pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral approaches in the treatment of childhood depression: A review and critique. Clinical Psychology Review, 15,589–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edelbrock, C.S., Costello, A.J., Dulcan, M.K., Conover, N.C., & Kalas, R. (1986). Parent-child agreement on child psychiatric symptoms assessed via structured interview. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 27, 181–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endicott, J., & Spitzer, R.L. (1978). A diagnostic interview: The schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Archive of General Psychiatry, 35, 837–844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finch, A.J., Lipovsky, J.A., & Casat, C.D. (1989). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: Negative affectivity or separate constructs? In P.C. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, J.E., & Offord, D.R. (1990). Epidemiology of childhood depression disorders: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 29, 571–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, J.E., Boyle, M.H., & Offord, D.R. (1993). The outcome of adolescent depression in the Ontario child health study follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 28–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, C.Z., Jackson, K.L., Marstellar, F., McKeown, R.E., & Addy, C. (1990). A longitudinal study of depressive symptomatology in young adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 581–585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, C.Z., Addy, C.L., Jackson, K.L., McKeown, R., & Waller, J.L. (1992). Major depressive disorder and dysthymia in young adolescents. American Journal of Epidemiology,135, 792–802.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S., & Brumley, H. (1990). Schizophrenic and depressed mothers: Relational deficits in parenting. Developmental Psychology, 26, 31–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M.A. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 278–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C., & Compas, B.E. (1994). Unmasking unmasked depression in children and adolescents: The problem of co-morbidity. Clinical Psychology Review,14, 585–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1991). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. II. Links with antisocial disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 434–439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendren, R.L. (1983). Depression in anorexia nervosa. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 122, 59–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herjanic, B., & Reich, W. (1982). Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: Agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms. Journal ofAbnormal Child Psychology,10, 307–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, K., McKnew, D., Cytryn, L., Stern, L., & Kline, J. (1982). The Child Assessment Schedule (CAS) diagnostic interview: A report on reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 468–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, R.H., Lahey, B.B., & Strauss, C.C. (1983). Correlates of depressed mood in normal children. Journal ofAbnormal Child Psychology, 11,29–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, J.S., Kehle, T.J., Jenson, W.R., & Clark, E. (1990). Comparison of cognitive-behavioral, relaxation, and self-modeling interventions for depression among middle-school students. School Psychology Review, 19,196–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanter, F.H. (1971). The maintenance of behavior by self-generated stimuli and reinforcement. In A. Jacobs & L. Sachs (Eds.), The psychology of private events: Perspectives on covert response systems (pp. 39–59). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashani, J.H., Ray, J.S., & Carlson, G.A. (1984). Depression and depression-like states in preschool-age children in a child development unit. American Journal of Psychiatry,141, 1397–1402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A.E. (1990). Childhood depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 121–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, E., Spence, S.H., & Hensley, R. (1989). An examination of the relationship between childhood depression and social competence amongst primary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 561–573.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolvin, I., Barrett, M.L., Bhate, S.R., Berney, T.P., Famuyiwa, O.O., Fundusis, T., & Tyrer, S. (1991). The Newcastle Child Depression Project: Diagnosis and classification of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159(Suppl. 11), 9–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1978). Interview Schedule for Children (ISC). Pitts- burgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1990). Comorbid anxiety disorders in childhood-onset depressions. In J.D. Maser & C.R. Cloninger (Eds.), Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders (pp. 272–281). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., & Beck, A.T. (1977). An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In J.G. Schulterbrandt & A. Raskin (Eds.), Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models (pp. 1–25). New York: Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., & Gatsonis, C. (1989). Stability and change in childhood-onset depressive disorders: Longitudinal course as a diagnostic validator. In L.N. Robins & J.E. Barrett (Eds.), The validity of psychiatric diagnosis (pp. 57–73). New York: Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M., Feinberg, T.L., Crouse-Novak, M.A., Paulauskas, S., Pollack, M., & Finkelstein, R. (1984). Depressive disorders in childhood: II. A longitudinal study of the risk for a subsequent major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 643–649.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, M., & Tisher, M. (1978). Children’s Depression Scale. Victoria, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, M.M., & Tesiny, E.P. (1980). Assessment of childhood depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, M.M., & Tesiny, E.P. (1985). Depression in children: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 647–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M. (1974). A behavioral approach to depression. In R.J. Freidman & M.M. Katz (Eds.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research, (pp. 157–186). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M. (1975). The behavioral study and treatment of depression. In M. Hersen, R.M. Eisler, & P.M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 1, pp. 1955). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M., Sullivan, J.M., & Grosscup, S.J. (1980). Changing reinforcing events: An approach to the treatment of depression. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 17, 322–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M., Clarke, G.N., Hops, H., & Andrews, J. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 21, 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M., Hops, H.,Roberts, R.E., Seeley, J.R., & Andrews, J.A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology. I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal ofAbnormal Psychology, 102, 133–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKnew, D.H., Jr., Cytryn, L., Efron, A.M., Gershon, E.S., & Burney, W.E., Jr. (1979). Offspring of patients with affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 148–152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milberger, S., Biederman, J., Faroane, S., Murphy, J., & Tsuang, M. (1995). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Issues of overlapping symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1793–1799.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G.R., & Stoolmiller, M. (1991). Replications of a dual failure model for boys’ depressed mood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 491–498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pozanski, E.O., Grossman, J.A., Buchsbaum, Y., Banegas, M., Freeman, L., & Gibbons, R. (1984). Preliminary studies of the reliability and validity of the Children’s Depression Rating Scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 191–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J. (1982). Major depression and conduct disorder in prepuberty. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 118–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J., & Chambers, W (1978). The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children (Kiddie-SADS). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J., & Gittelman, R. (1982). Depression in childhood and adolescence. In E.S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders (pp. 379–392). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Antich, J., Kaufman, J., Ryan, N.D., Williamson, D., Dahl, R.E., Lukens, E., Todak, G., Ambrosini, P., Rabinovich, H., & Nelson, B. (1993). The psychosocial functioning and family environment of depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 244–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastam, M. (1992). Anorexia nervosa in 51 Swedish adolescents: Premorbid problems of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 819–829.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, L.P. (1977). A self-control model of depression. Behavior Therapy, 8, 787–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, L.P., Kornblith, S.J., O’Hara, M.W., Lamparski, D.M., Romano, J.M., & Volkin, J.I. (1981). An evaluation of major components in a self-control therapy program for depression. Behavior Modification, 5, 459–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P.M., & Seeley, J.R. (1991). Comorbidity of unipolar depression: II. Comorbidity with other disorders in adolescents and adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 54, 653–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, K.D., Hammen, C., & Burge, D. (1994). Interpersonal functioning and depressive symptoms in childhood: Addressing the issues of specificity and comorbidity. Journal ofAbnormal Child Psychology, 22, 355–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, N.D., Puig-Antich, J., Ambrosini, P., Rabinovich, H., Robinson, D., Nelson, B., Iyengar, S., & Twomey, J. (1987). The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 854–861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M.E. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shain, B.N., Naylor, M., & Alessi, N. (1990). Comparison of self-rated and clinician-rated measures of depression in adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry 147, 793–795.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C., & Steiner, H., (1992). Psychopathology in anorexia nervosa and depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 841–843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R.L., Endicott, J., & Robins, E. (1978). Research Diagnostic Criteria: Rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 773–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, K.D., Reynolds, W.M., & Kaslow, N.J. (1987). A comparison of the relative efficacy of self-control therapy and a behavioral problem-solving therapy for depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,15, 91–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strack, M.A., & Coyne, J.C. (1983). Social confirmation of dysphoria: Shared and private reactions to depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,44, 806–814.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tisher, M., & Lang, M. (1983). The Children’s Depression Scale: Review and further developments. In D.P. Cantwell & G.A. Carson (Eds.), Affective disorders in childhood and adolescence: An update (pp. 375–415). New York: Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, F.C., Bieman, H.V., Ende, H.V.D., Berden, G.F.M.G., & Sanders-Woudstra, J. (1990). Problem behavior in international adoptees. III. Diagnosis of child psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29,420–428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, W., Rutman, J., Sullivan, L., Penick, E., & Dietz, S. (1973). Depression in children referred to an educational diagnostic center: Diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Pediatrics, 83,1066.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B., Weisz, J.R., Politano, M., Carey, M., Nelson, W.M., & Finch, A.J. (1992). Relations among self-reported depressive symptoms in clinic-referred children versus adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,101, 391–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M., Fendrich, M., Warner, V, & Wickramaratne, P. (1992). Incidence of psychiatric disorder in off-spring at high and low risk for depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31,640–648.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wierzbicki, M., & McCabe, M. (1988). Social skills and subsequent depressive symptomatology in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychiatry, 17, 203–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witt, J.C., Cavell, T.A., Heller, R.W., Carey, M.P., & Martens, B.K. (1988). Child self-report: Interviewing techniques and rating scales. In E.S. Shapiro & T.R. Kratochwill (Eds.), Behavioral assessment in schools: Conceptual foundations and practical applications (pp. 384–454). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youngren, M.A., & Lewinsohn, P.M. (1980). The functional relationship between depression and problematic interpersonal behaviour. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,89, 333–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  • Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M.E.P., & Teasdale, J. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87,49–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarizio, H.F. (1994). Assessment and treatment of depression and children and adolescents (2nd ed.). Brandon, VT: Clinical Psychology Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A.E. (1990). Childhood depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,31, 121–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M. (1974). A behavioral approach to depression. In R.J. Freidman & M.M. Katz (Eds.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research, (pp. 157–186). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M. (1975). The behavioral study and treatment of depression. In M. Hersen, R.M. Eisler, & P.M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 1, pp. 19–55). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, L.P. (1977). A self-control model of depression. Behavior Therapy, 8, 787–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Watson, T.S., Robinson, S.L. (1998). A Behavior Analytic Approach for Treating Depression. In: Watson, T.S., Gresham, F.M. (eds) Handbook of Child Behavior Therapy. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5323-6_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5323-6_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7429-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5323-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics