Skip to main content

Rapid methods and automation for seafood microbiology

  • Chapter

Abstract

Rapid methods and automation in microbiology are dynamic fields of study that address the utilization of microbiological, chemical, biochemical, biophysical, immunological and serological methods for the study of improving isolation, early detection, characterization and enumeration of microorganisms and their products in clinical, food, industrial and environmental samples. Although early developments in this field were directed to clinical microbiology, in the past 5–10 years, food microbiologists have started to adapt rapid and automated methods in their laboratories. Conventional methods of detection, enumeration, identification and characterization of microbes are described in reference books such as Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods (Vanderzant and Splittstoesser, 1992), Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC., 1990), Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA, 1992), Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (APHA, 1985) and Modern Food Microbiology (Jay, 1992).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, M.R. and Hope, C.F.A. (1989) Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • AOAC (1990) Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vols I and II, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • APHA (1985) Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balows, A., Tilton, R.C. and Tuxano, A. (1989) Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology, Brixia Academic Press, Bregcia, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J.S., Cox, N.A., Thomson, J.E. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1985) Identification of Enterobacteriaceae in foods with the Automicrobic System. J. Food Protect., 48, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J.R. and Juan, J.Y. (1988) Improved methods tor quality assessment of raw milk. J. Food Protect., 51, 955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J.R. and White, C.H. (1985) Estimation of potential shelf-life to cottage cheese utilizing bacterial numbers and metabolites. J. Food Protect., 48, 663.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J.R., White, C.R. and Firstenberg-Eden, R. (1984) A rapid impedimetric method for determining the potential shelf-life of pasteurized whole milk. J. Food Protect., 47, 471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chain, V.S. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1991) Comparison of Redigel, Petrifilm, Spiral Plate System, ISOGRID and standard plate count for the aerobic count on selected foods. J. Food Protect., 54, 208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chein, S.P. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1991) Acriflavin violet red bile agar for the isolation and enumeration of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Food Microbiol., 7, 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, N.A., McHan, F. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1977) Commercially available minikits for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae: a review. J. Food Protect., 40, 86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, N.A., Fung, D.Y.C., Goldschmidt, M.S., Bailey, J.S. and Thomson, J.E. (1984) Selecting a miniaturized system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. J. Food Protect., 47, 74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, N.A., Bailey, J.S., Fung, D.Y.C and Hartman, P.A. (1987a) Rapid methods for the detection and identification and microorganisms in foods, in Food Protection Technology (ed. C.W. Felix), Lewis Chelsea, MI, pp. 125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, N.A., Fung, D.Y.C., Bailey, J.S. et al. (1987b) Miniaturized kits, immuno-assays and DNA hybridization for recognition and identification of food-borne bacteria. Dairy Food Sanitat., 7, 628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Czechowski, M.H. and Banner, M.J. (1989) Detection of surface-attached, viable Salmonella and Yersinia bacteria, in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists., Chicago IL, June 25-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, A. (1983) Application in brewing. Lab. Prac., January, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckner, K.F., Flowers, R.S., Robinson, B.J. et al. (1987) Comparison of Salmonella Bio-EnzaBead immunoassay method and conventional culture procedure for detection of Salmonella in foods. J. Food Protect., 50, 379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eden, R. and Eden, G. (1984) Impedance Microbiology, Research Studies Press, Letchworth, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emswiler, B.S., Pierson, C.J. and Kotula, A.W. (1977) Stomaching vs. blending. Food Technol., 31(10), 40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entis, P. (1983) Enumeration of coliforms in nonfat dry milk and canned custard by hydrophobic grid membrane filter method: collaborative study. J. Ass. Off. Anal Chem., 66, 897.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Entis, P. (1984) Enumeration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in foods by hydrophobic grid membrane filters collaborative study. J. Ass. Off. Anal. Chem., 67, 812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Entis, P. (1986) Membrane filtration systems, in Foodborne Microorganisms and Their Toxins: Developing Methodology, (eds M.D. Pierson and N.J. Stern), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 91–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entis, P., Brodsky, M.H. and Sharpe, A.N. (1982) Effect prefiltration and enzyme treatment on membrane filtration of foods. J. Food Protect., 45, 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, H. A. V. (1985) A note on the use of conductivity in brewery microbiology control. Food Microbiol., 2, 19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FDA (1992). Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 6th edn, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Food and Drug Administration. Arlington, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, J.L., Hamdy, M.K., McCay, S.G., and Baumstark, B.R. (1992) J. Rapid Methods Automation Microbiol., 1, 29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitts, R. (1985) Development of a DNA-DNA hybridization test for the presence of Salmonella in foods. Food Technol., 39(3), 95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers, R.S. (1985) Comparison of rapid Salmonella screening methods and the conventional culture method. Food Technol., 39(3), 103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. (1985) Procedures and methods for one-day analysis of microbial loads in foods, in Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology, (ed. K.-O. Habermehl), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 656–664.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. (1991) Rapid methods and automation for food microbiology, in Instrumental Methods for Quality Assurance in Foods, (eds D.Y.C. Fung and R.F. Matthews), Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. (1992) Historical development of rapid methods and automation in microbiology. J. Rapid Methods Automation Microbiol., 1, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Cox, N.A. (1981) Rapid identification systems in the food industry: present and future. J. Food Protect., 44, 877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Chain, V.S. (1991) Comparative analysis of Redigel and aerobic plate count methods for viable cell count of selected foods. Food Microbiol., 8, 299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Hartman, P.A. (1975) Miniaturized microbiology techniques for rapid characterization of bacteria, in New Approaches to the Identification of Microorganisms, (eds C.G. Heden and T. Illeni), Wiley, New York, pp. 347–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Kraft, A.A. (1968) Microtiter method for the evaluation of viable cell in bacterial cultures. Appl. Microbiol., 16, 1036.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Kraft, A.A. (1969) Rapid evaluation of viable cell counts using the Microtiter system and MPN technique. J. Milk Food Technol., 32, 408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Kraft, A.A. (1970) A rapid and simple method for the detection and isolation of Salmonella from mixed cultures and poultry products. Poul Sci., 49, 146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and La Grange, W. (1969) Microtiter method for bacterial evaluation of milk. J. Milk Food Technol., 32, 144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Liang, C. (1989) A new fluorescent agar for the isolation of Candida albicans. Bulletin d’information des Laboratoires des Services Veterinaries (France); 29/30, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Matthews, R.F. (eds) (1991). Instrumental Methods or Quality Assurance in Foods, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Miller, R.D. (1970) Rapid procedure for the detection of acid and gas production by bacterial cultures. Appl. Microbiol., 20, 527.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Miller, R.D. (1971) Miniaturized techniques for IMViC tests. J. Milk Food Technol., 35, 328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Miller, R.D. (1973) Effects of dyes on bacterial growth. Appl. Microbiol., 25, 793.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Neimcic, M. (1977) Acriflavin violet red bile medium for the isolation of Klebsiella. Lab. Health Sci., 14, 273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C. and Petrishko, D.I. (1973) Capillary tube catalase test Appl. Microbiol., 26, 631.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C., Donahue, R., Jensen, J.P. et al. (1976). A collaborative study of the microtiter count method and standard plate count method on viable cell count of raw milk. J. Milk Food Technol., 39, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C., Lee, CY. and Kastner, C.L. (1980) Adhesive tape method for estimation of microbial load on meat surface. J. Food Protect., 43, 295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C., Goldschmidt, M.C. and Cox, N.A. (1984) Evaluation of bacterial diagnostic kits and systems at an instructional workshop. J. Food Protect., 47, 68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C., Hart, R.A. and Chain, V. (1987) Rapid methods and automated procedures for microbiological evaluation of seafood, in Seafood Quality Determination, (eds D.E. Kramer and J. Liston), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 247–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C., Bennett, R. and Lehleitner, G.C (1988) Rapid diagnosis in bacteriology: Contribution of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, in Biologie Prospective, le Colloque de Pont-e-Mousson, (eds M.M. Gaeteau, J. Henry and G. Siest), John Libbey, London, pp. 21–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C., Cox, N.A. and Bailey, J.S. (1988) Rapid methods and automation in microbiology. Dairy Food Sanit., 8, 292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, D.Y.C., Cox, N.A., Goldschmidt, M.C and Bailey, J.S. (1989) Rapid methods and automation: A survey of professional microbiologists. J. Food Protect., 52, 65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D.M. and Hobbs, G. (1987) Some recent developments in microbiological methods in seafood quality, in Seafood Quality Determination, (eds D.F. Kramer and J. Liston), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 283–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D.M. and Ogden, I.D. (1980) Assessing bacterial quality of fish by conductance measurement. J. Appl Bacteriol, 49, XII.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginn, R.E., Packard, V.S. and Fox, T.L. (1986) Enumeration of total bacteria and coliforms in milk by dry rehydratable film method: collaborative study. J. Ass. Off. Anal. Chem., 69, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermehl, K.O. (ed.). (1985) Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, R.A. and Fung, D.Y.C (1990) Evaluation of dye media selective for Aspergillus and/or Penicillium, in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiologists, p. 279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, R. A., Mo, O., Borius, F. and Fung, D.Y.C (1991) Comparative analysis of trypan blue agar and congo red agar for the enumeration of yeast and mold using HGMF system. J. Food Safety., 11, 227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heden, C.G. and Illeni, T. (1975a) Automation in Microbiology and Immunology, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heden, C.G. and Illeni, T. (1975b) New Approaches to the Identification of Microorganisms, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W.E. Keasler, S.P., Trucksness, M.W., et al. (1991) Polymerase chain reaction identification of Vibrio vulmificus in artificially contaminated oysters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 707–770.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, W.J. and Mortimer, J.W. (1987) Laboratory Robotics: A Guide to Planning, Programming and Applications, VCH Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jay, J.M. (1989) The Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test, in Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology, (ed. M.R. Adams, and C.F.A. Hope), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jay, J.M. (1992) Modern Food Microbiology, 4th edn, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H.H. and Newsom, S.W.B. (1976) Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, Learned Information, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilgour, W.J. and Day, A. (1983) The application of new techniques for the rapid determination of microbial contamination in brewing, in Proceeding of the 19th Congress of the European Brewing Convention, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konuma, H.A. and Kurata, H. (1982) Improved Stomacher 400 bag applicable to the spiral plate system for counting bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 44, 765.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • La Rocco, K.A., Littel, K.J. and Pierson, M.D. (1986) The bioluminescent ATP assay for determining the microbial quality of foods, in Foodborne Microorganisms and Their Toxins: Developing Methodology, (ed. M.D. Pierson and N.J. Stern), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 145–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. Y. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1986) Surface sampling techniques for bacteriology. J. Environ. Health, 48, 200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.Y., Fung, D.Y.C. and Kastner, C.L. (1982) Computer-assisted identification of bacteria on hot-boned and conventionally processed beef. J. Food Sci., 47, 363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.Y., Fung, D.Y.C. and Kastner, C.L. (1985) Computer-assisted identification of Microflora on hot-boned and conventionally processed beef: effect of moderate and slow initial chilling rate. J. Food Sci., 50, 553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. and Bang, F.B. (1964) The role of endotoxin in the extracellular coagulation of Limulus blood. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 115, 265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C.C.S. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1985) Effect of dyes on growth of food yeast. J. Food Sci., 47, 770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C.C.S. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1987) Critical review of conventional and rapid methods for yeast identification. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 14, 273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C.C.S., Fung, D.Y.C and Entis, P. (1984) Growth of yeast and mold on trypan blue agar in conjunction with the ISOGRID system. Can. J. Microbiol., 30, 1405.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littel, K.J., Pikelis, S. and Spurgash, A. (1986) Bioluminescent ATP assay for rapid estimation of microbial numbers in fresh meat. J. Food Protect., 49, 18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manninen, M.T. and Fung, D.Y.C (1992a) Use of the Gravimetric diluter in microbiological work. J. Food Protect., 55, 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manninen, M.T. and Fung, D.Y.C (1992b) Use of spiral plater and laser colony scanner for enumeration of microorganisms in meat. J. Rapid Methods Automat. Microbiol. 1, 117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manninen, M.T. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1992c) Estimation of microbial numbers from pure bacterial cultures and from minced beef samples by reflectance colorimetry with Omnispec 4000. J. Rapid Methods Automat. Microbiol., 1, 41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manninen, M.T., Fung, D.Y.C. and Hart, R.A. (1991) Spiral system and laser colony scanner of enumeration of microorganisms. J. Food Safety, 11, 177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMurdo, I.H. and Whyward, S. (1984) Suitability of rapid microbiological methods for the hygiene management of spray drier plant. J. Soc. Dairy Technol. 34, 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, A.M. (1992). Polymerase Chain Reaction: Techniques and Application, in Handbook for Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology Workshop, (ed. D.Y.C. Fung), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, I.D. (1986) Use of conductance methods to predict bacterial counts in fish. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 61, 236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettipher, G.L. (1986) Review: the direct epifluorescent filter technique. J. Food Technol. 21, 535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettipher, G.L. (1989) The direct epifluorescent filter technique, in Rapid Microbiological Methods, (eds M.R. Adams and C.F.A. Hope), Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettipher, G.L. and Rodrigues, V.M. (1980). Rapid enumeration of bacteria in heat treated milk and milk products using a membrane filtration-epifluorescent microscopy technique. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 50, 157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettipher, G.L. and Rodrigues, V.M. (1982). Rapid enumeration of microorganisms in foods by the direct epifluorescent filter technique. Appl Environ Microbiol., 44, 809.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettipher, G.L., Mansell, R., McKinnon, C.H. and Cousins. C.M. (1980) Rapid membrane filter epifluorescent microscopy technique for the direct enumeration of bacteria in raw milk. J. Appl Environ. Microbiol., 39, 423.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierson, M.D. and Stern, N.J. (1986) Foodborne Microorganisms and Their Toxins: Developing Methodology, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, J.N. (1988) Temperature independent pectin gel method for aerobic plate count in dairy and nondairy food products: collaborative studies. J. Ass. Off. Anal Chem., 71, 343.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, J.N. and Bontrager, G.L. (1989) Temperature-independent pectin gel method for coliform determination in dairy products: Collaborative study. J. Ass. Off. Anal. Chem., 72, 298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schalkowsky, S. (1986) Plating systems, in Foodborne Microorganisms and Their Toxins: Developing Methodology, (eds M.D. Pierson and N.J. Stern), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 16–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, A.N. (1991). Rapid methods: consideration to adoption by regulatory agencies, in Proceedings of the 105th AOAC Annual International Meeting, Phoenix, AZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, A.W. and Clark, D.S. (eds) (1978). Mechanizing Microbiology., Thomas, Springfield, II.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, A.W. and Jackson, A.K. (1975) Automation requirements in microbiological quality control of foods, in Automation in Microbiology and Immunology (eds CG. Heden and T. Illeni), Wiley, New York, pp. 117–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, A.W. and Peterkin, P.I. (1988) Membrane Filter Food Microbiology, Research Studies Press, Letchworth, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjoberg, A.M., Manninen, M., Pinnioja, S. and Harmala, P. (1990) Methods for detection of irradiation of spices. 2. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 190, 99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L.B., Fox, T.L. and Busta, F.F. (1986) Comparison of a dry medium culture plate (Petrifilm SM plates) method to the aerobic plate count method for enumeration of mesophilic aerobic colony-forming units in fresh ground beef. J. Food Protect., 48, 1044.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stannard, C.J. (1989) ATP estimation, in Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology, (eds M.R. Adams and C.F.A. Hope), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilton, R.C. (ed.) (1982) Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, American Society Microbiology, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaheri, A., Tilton, R.C. and Balows, A. (eds) (1991) Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium, Springer-Verlang, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderzant, C. and Splittstoesser, D. (eds) (1992) Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser, I.J.R. and de Groote, J. (1984) Prospects for the use of conductivity as an aid in the bacteriological monitoring of pasteurized milk. Antonin van Leewenhoek, 50, 202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waes, G.M. and Bossuyt, R.G. (1984) Impedance measurements to detect bacteriophage problems in cheddar cheese. J. Food Protect. 47, 349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, D.R., La Rocco, K.A. and Hopson, DJ. (1986) Adenosine triphosphate bioluminescent assay to enumerate bacterial numbers on fresh fish. J. Food Protect. 49, 647.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, L.S.L. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1991a) Oxyrase enzyme and motility enrichment Fung-Yu tube for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp. J. Food Safety, 11, 149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, L.S.L. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1991b) Effect of oxyrase enzyme in Listeria monocytogenes and other facultative anaerobes. J. Food Safety, 11, 163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, L.S.L. and Fung, D.Y.C. (1992) Growth kinetics of Listeria in the presence of oxyrase enzyme in a broth model system. J. Rapid Methods Automation Microbiol., 1, 15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zindulis, J. (1984) A medium for the impedimetric detection of yeasts in foods. Food Microbiol., 1, 159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fung, D.Y.C. (1994). Rapid methods and automation for seafood microbiology. In: Martin, A.M. (eds) Fisheries Processing. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5303-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5303-8_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7420-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5303-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics