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Toxicological Profiles

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Environmental Metal Pollutants, Reactive Oxygen Intermediaries and Genotoxicity

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Abstract

The adverse effects of metals and metalloids on human health are well documented. Blackfoot disease (arsenic), hard-metal lung disease (cobalt and nickel), itai-itai disease (cadmium) and Minamata disease (methylmercury) are recognized clinical entities. There have been numerous studies performed, using different model systems, to determine the effects that metals and metalloids have on biological processes and to relate these effects to clinical syndromes. These studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of the toxic effects that metals and metalloids have on biological processes. Data from these studies have been used to establish regulations and guidelines which resulted in decreasing the release of these elements into the environment and also in limiting human exposure to metal and metalloid compounds. The majority of these studies were performed using acute exposure models in which cells or organisms are exposed to relatively toxic concentrations of metals or metalloids. Acute exposure to toxic concentrations of these environmental pollutants is not likely to occur in today’s environment. Instead most human populations are chronically exposed to concentrations of metal and metalloid ions that are below the threshold levels associated with the development of clinical symptoms. Concerns have been raised about the health risks associated with such exposures (Lave, 1990). In this chapter, information is presented concerning the basic mechanisms by which metals and metalloids are toxic, as well as, chemical and toxicological profiles for several important environmental metal and metalloid pollutants.

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  1. Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, USA

    Maria E. Ariza

  2. Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UK

    Gautam N. Bijur

  3. Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, The Ohio State University, USA

    Marshall V. Williams

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Ariza, M.E., Bijur, G.N., Williams, M.V. (1999). Toxicological Profiles. In: Environmental Metal Pollutants, Reactive Oxygen Intermediaries and Genotoxicity. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5153-9_2

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