Abstract
Unlike cells in most organ systems, neurons of the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) are exquisitely vulnerable to injury and alterations in their environment. Furthermore, those central neurons that survive a perturbation in their environment exhibit only limited regeneration to reestablish functional connectivity. Such observations led the pioneering neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal to state, “Once development was ended, the founts of growth and regeneration of the axons and dendrites dried up irrevocably. In adult centers, the nerve paths are something fixed and immutable; everything may die, nothing may be regenerated” (Cajal, 1928). The specialization within the CNS exacerbates the vulnerability of individual neurons by causing system-wide failures as a result of loss of specialized neurons. For example, the selective vulnerability of dopaminergic projection neurons in the human substantia nigra leads to the movement disorders characterized as Parkinson’s disease, affecting the entire organism. The mechanisms of neuro-degeneration have been extensively studied in the hope of elucidating crucial steps in the sequence of neuronal death. One approach has sought the identity of endogenous survival factors whose presence could support injured adult neurons and prevent their death and the corresponding loss of function.
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Peterson, D.A., Gage, F.H. (1999). Trophic Factors in Experimental Models of Adult Central Nervous System Injury. In: Peters, A., Morrison, J.H. (eds) Cerebral Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, vol 14. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4885-0_7
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