Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vascular-Related and Mediated Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Chapter
Cerebral Cortex

Part of the book series: Cerebral Cortex ((CECO,volume 14))

Abstract

Alois Alzheimer and his contemporaries recognized a vascular component of the disease that now bears his name: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (1987 translation). In the initial publication, Alzheimer reported the case of a 51 year old with progressive dementia and characteristic neuropathology. The neuropathology detailed after autopsy included: neuron loss, gliosis, neuronal fibrils (paired helical filaments), tangled bundles of fibrils where a neuron had once been (neurofibrillary tangles), and miliary foci of drusen (senile plaques). He also noted vascular changes, including cerebral arteriosclerosis and focal lesions of vessel endothelium. The same year (1987) Fischer suggested that it was not surprising to find neuropathological similarities between demented individuals with arteriosclerotic brain atrophy and those with what is today known as AD (1987 translation). Three years later, Emil Kraepelin (1987 translation) analyzed his own populations grouped according to the presence of presenile dementia, senile dementia, or arteriosclerotic disease, but he was unable to separate the possible roles of arteriosclerotic and senile changes. Among his presenile subjects, most of whom died of heart disease, neuropathologic changes were similar to those reported by Alzheimer, except for the absence of fiber formation. Some subjects exhibited fat in the vessel walls; others did not. Among his senile subjects—most of whom also died of heart attack—arteriosclerotic alterations, enlarged heart, and high blood pressure were common. Included within this senile population were the individuals most severely affected, and who were similar to the subject studied by Alzheimer. Kraepelin (1987 translation) reported that even among these probable AD patients, “most cases are characterized by more or less pronounced vessel alterations” and therefore “we must add this disease pattern to the arteriosclerotic group of senile dementia” (1987 translation, pp. 78-79). These descriptions suggest that senile plaques (drusen) were a common finding in subjects with arteriosclerotic disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akima, M., Nonaka, H., Kagesawa, M., and Tanaka, K., 1986, A study on the microvasculature of the cerebral cortex: Fundamental architecture and its senile change in the frontal cortex, Lab. Invest. 55(4):482–489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ghoul, W. M., and Miller, M. W., 1989, Transient expression of ALZ-50 immunoreactivity in developing rat neocortex: A marker for naturally occurring neuronal death, Brain Res. 481:361–367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alafuzoff, I., Adolfsson, R., Grundke-Iqbal, I., and Winblad, B., 1987, Blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer dementia and in non-demented elderly, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 73:160–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alzheimer, A., 1987, A characteristic disease of the cerebral cortex, in: The Early Story of Alzheimer’s Disease: Translation of the Historical Papers, Liviana, Florence, Italy, 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Araki, K., Miyakawa, T., and Katsuragi, S., 1991, Ultrastructure of senile plaques using thick sections in the brain with Alzheimer’s disease, Jpn. J. Psychiat. Neurol. 45:85–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, R. A., 1995, Is the clustering of beta-amyloid (A beta) deposits in the frontal cortex of Alzheimer patients determined by blood vessels? Neurosci. Lett. 195(2):121–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, M. K., Ooi, W. L., Morgenstern, H., Hafner, A., Masur, D., Crystal, H., Frishman, W. H., Fisher, D., and Katzman, R., 1990, Women, myocardial infarction, and dementia in the very old, Neurology 40:1102–1106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashford, J. W., Schmitt, F. A., and Kumar, V., 1996, Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, Psychiat. Ann. 26(5):262–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barsacchi, R., Pelosi, G., Maffei, S., Baroni, M., Savatore, L., Ursini, F., Verunelli, F., and Biagini, A., 1992, Myocardial vitamin E is consumed during cardiopulmonary bypass: Indirect evidence of free radical generation in human ischemic heart, Int. J. Cardiol. 37:339–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. A., and Ball, M. J., 1981, Morphometric comparison of hippocampal microvasculature in aging and demented people: Diameters and densities, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 53:299–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. A., and Ball, M. J., 1990, Neuritic plaques and vessels of visual cortex in aging and Alzheimer’s dementia, Neurobiol. Aging 11:359–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blancher, C., Braak, H., Fischer, P., and Jellinger, K. A., 1993, Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer lesions and intellectual status in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease patients, Neurosci. Lett. 162:179–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blass, J. P., 1993, Pathophysiology of the Alzheimer’s syndrome, Neurology (Suppl 4) 43:S25–S38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braak, H., and Braak, E., 1991, Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 82:239–259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braak, H., Braak, E., and Bohl, J., 1993, Staging of Alzheimer-related cortical destruction, Eur. Neurol. 33:403–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breteler, M. M., Claus, J. J., Grobbee, D. E., and Hofman, A., 1994, Cardiovascular disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: The Rotterdam Study, Br. Med. J. 308:1604–1608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, G. J., and Ashford, J. W., 1992, Human serum stimulates Alzheimer markers in cultured hippocampal neurons, J. Neurosci. Res. 33:355–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, A. B., Scott, N. A., Pringle, T. H., Mcneill, G. P., and Belch, J. J., 1992, Relationship between the extent of coronary artery disease and indicators of free radical activity, Clin. Cardiol. 15:169–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buée, L., Hof, P. R., Bouras, C., Delacourte, A., Perl, D. P., Morrison, J. H., and Fillit, H. M., 1994, Pathological alterations of the cerebral microvasculature in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementing disorders, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 87:469–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burdette, J. H., Minoshima, S., Vander Borght, T., Tran, D. D., and Kuhl, D. E., 1996, Alzheimer disease: Improved visual interpretation of PET images by using three-dimensional sterotaxic surface projections, Radiology 198:837–843.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J., Pillai, R., Rocker, G. M., Westaby, S., Parker, D., and Shale, D. J., 1993, Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on systemic release of neutrophil elastase and tumor necrosis factor, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 105:25–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cacabelos, R., Franco-Maside, A., and Alvarez, X. A., 1991, Interleukin-1 in Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia: Neuropsychological correlations, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 13:703–708.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cacabelos, R., Alvarez, X. A., Franco-Maside, A., Fernandez-Novoa, L., and Caamano, J., 1994, Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 16(1):29–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caceres, M. J., Schleien, C. L., Kuluz, J. W., Gelman, B., and Dietrich, W. D., 1995, Early endothelial damage and leukocyte accumulation in piglet brains following cardiac arrest, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 90:582–591.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos, I., Javoy-Agid, F., Delacourte, A., Defossez, A., Lafon, M., Hirsch, E., Nicole, A., Sinet, P. M., and Agid, Y., 1991, Neuronal localization of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase protein and mRNA within the human hippocampus from control and Alzheimer’s disease brains, Free Rad. Res. Comm. 12/13:571–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Challa, V. R., Moody, D. M., and Bell, M. A., 1992, The Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm controversy: Impact of a new histologic technique, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 51(3):264–271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Challa, V. R., Moody, D. M., and Troost, B. T., 1993, Brain embolic phenomena associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, J. Neurol. Sci. 117:224–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claudio, L., 1996, Ultrastructural features of the blood-brain barrier in biopsy tissue from Alzheimer’s disease patients, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 91:6–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colton, C. A., Yao, J., Taffs, R. E., Keri, J. E., and Oster-Granite, M. L., 1991, Abnormal production of interleukin-1 by microglia from trisomy of 16 mice, Neurosci. Lett. 132:270–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corsellis, J. A. N., 1962, Mental Illness and the Aging Brain: The Distribution of Pathological Change in a Mental Hospital Population, Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Torre, J. C., 1994, Impaired brain microcirculation may trigger Alzheimer’s disease, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 18(3):397–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de la Torre, J. C., and Mussivand, T., 1993, Can disturbed brain microcirculation cause Alzheimer’s disease? Neurol. Res. 15(3):146–153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Leon, M. J., Ferris, S. H., George, A. E., Reisberg, B., Christman, D. R., Kricheff, I. I., and Wolf, A. P., 1983, Computed tomography and positron emission transaxial tomography evaluations of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 3:391–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, G., and Tweedy, J. R., 1987, Cerebral blood flow in severity matched Alzheimer and multiinfarct patients, Neurology 37:431–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeWitt, D. A., Silver, J., Canning, D. R., and Perry, G., 1993, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are associated with the lesions of Alzheimer’s disease, Exp. Neurol. 121:149–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downing, S. W., and Edmunds, H., Jr., 1992, Release of vasoactive substances during cardiopulmonary bypass, Ann. Thorac. Surg. 54:1236–1243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eberling, J. L., Jagust, W. J., Reed, B. R., and Baker, M. G., 1992, Reduced temporal lobe blood flow in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 13(4):483–491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckland, A., Saveland, H., Rommer, B., and Brandt, L., 1995, Transcranial doppler ultrasound in hypertensive versus normotensive patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Stroke 26:2071–2074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Englund, E., Brun, A., and Alling, C., 1988, White matter changes in dementia of Alzheimer’s type, Brain 111:1425–1439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faraci, F. M., and Heistad, D. D., 1990, Regulation of large cerebral arteries and cerebral microvascular pressure, Circ. Res. 66:8–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer, I., Bella, R., and Serrano, M., 1990, Arteriosclerotic leucoencephalopathy in the elderly and its relation to white-matter lesion in Binswanger’s disease, multi-infarct encephalopathy, and Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurol. Sci. 98:37–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fillit, H., Ding, W., Buée, L., Kaiman, J., Altstiel, L., Lawlor, B., and Wolf-Klein, G., 1991, Elevated circulating tumor necrosis factor levels in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurosci. Lett. 129:318–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, O., 1987, Miliary necrosis with nodular proliferation of the neurofibrils, a common change of the cerebral cortex in senile dementia, in: The Early Story of Alzheimer’s Disease: Translation of the Historical Papers, Liviana, Florence, Italy, 6–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, V. W., Siddiqi, A., and Yusufaly, Y., 1990, Altered angioarchitecture in selected areas of brains with Alzheimer’s disease, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 79:672–679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsman, M., Olsnes, B. T., Semb, G., and Steen, P. A., 1990, Effects of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow and neuropsychological outcome after cardiac surgery, Br. J. Anaesth. 65:514–520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frackowiak, R. S. J., Pozzilli, C., Legg, N.J., Du Boulay, G. H., Marshall, J., Lenzi, G. L., and Jones, T., 1981, Regional cerebral oxygen supply and utilization in dementia: A clinical and physiological study with oxygen-15 and positron tomography, Brain 104:753–778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frautschy, S. A., Cole, G. M., and Baird, A., 1992, Phagocytosis and deposition of vascular β-amyloid in rat brains injected with Alzheimer β amyloid, Am. J. Pathol. 140:1389–1399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frei, K., Siepi, C., Groscurth, P., Bodmer, S., and Fontana, A., 1988, Immunobiology of microglial cells, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 540:218–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenner, G. G., and Wong, C. W., 1984, Alzheimer’s disease: Initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 120:885–890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graeber, M. B., Streit, W. J., Buringer, D., Sparks, D. L., and Kreutzberg, G. W., 1992, Ultrastructural location of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II positive perivascular cells in histologically normal human brain, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 51(3):303–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, W. S. T., Stanley, L. C., and Ling, C., 1989, Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:7611–7615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, R., Raichle, M., Gado, M., Eichling, J., and Hughes, C., 1977, Cerebral blood flow, oxygen utilization, and blood volume in dementia, Neurology 27:905–910.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hachinski, V. C., 1990, The decline and resurgence of vascular dementia, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 142:107–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harik, S. I., and Kalaria, R. N., 1991, Blood-brain barrier abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 640:47–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. J., Lewis, R. F., Satlin, A., English, C. D., Scott, T. M., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., and Renshaw, P. F., 1996, Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI of regional cerebral blood volume in Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J. Psychiatry 153:721–724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassler, O., 1965, Vascular changes in senile brains, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 5:40–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, W., and Wendel, H. P., 1993, Clivarin and other LMWHs in an ex vivo cardiopulmonary bypass model: Studies on contact activation, Blood Coag. Fibrinolysis 4:s45–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hof, P. R., Bouras, C., Mehal, N., Sparks, D. L., Perl, D. P., and Morrison, J. H., 1995, Age-related distribution of neuropathologic changes in the cerebral cortex of Down Syndrome cases: Quantitative regional analysis and comparison with Alzheimer’s disease, Arch. Neurol. 52(4):379–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horio, T., Shimada, K., Kohno, M., Yoshimura, T., Kawarabayashi, T., Yasunari, K., Murakawa, K. I., Yokokawa, K., Ikeda, M., Fukui, T., and Takeda, T., 1993, Serial changes in atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with early coronary angioplasty, Am. Heart J. 126:293–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshikawa-Fujimura, A. Y., Auler, J. O., Jr., Da Rocha, T. R., Brandizzi, L. I., Pascual, J. M., Chamone, D. A., and Jatene, A. D., 1989, PAF-acether, superoxide anion, and beta-glucuronidase as parameters of polymorphonuclear cell activation associated with cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 22:1077–1082.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, S., 1986, Senile dementia and Alzheimer’s disease; brain blood flow and metabolism, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 10:447–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, M., Sredni, B., Stern, L., Kott, E., and Shalit, F., 1995, IL-2 and IL-6 secretion in dementia: Correlation with type and severity of disease, J. Neurol. Sci. 130(2):161–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huell, M., Strauss, S., Volk, B., Berger, M., and Bauer, J., 1995, Interleukin-6 is present in early stages of plaque formation and is restricted to the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 89:544–551.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwatsubo, T., Odaka, A., Suzuki, N., Mizusawa, H., Nukina, N., and Ihara, Y., 1994, Visualization of Aβ42(43) and Aβ40 in senile plaques with end-specific Aβ monoclonale: Evidence that an initially deposited species is Aβ42(43), Neuron 13:45–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagust, W. J., Friedland, R. P., and Budinger, T. F., 1988, Longitudinal studies of regional cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurology 38:909–912.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagust, W. J., Seab, J. P., Huesman, R. H., Valk, P. E., Mathis, C. A., Reed, B. R., Coxson, P. G., and Budinger, T. F., 1991, Diminished glucose transport in Alzheimer’s disease: Dynamic PET studies, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11(2):323–330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagust, W. J., Eberling, J. L., Richardson, B. C., Reed, B. R., Baker, M. G., Nordahl, T. E., and Budinger, T. F., 1993, The cortical topography of temporal lobe hypometabolism in early Alzheimer’s disease, Brain Res. 629(2):189–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, N. J., van Oeveren, W., Gu, Y J., van Vliet, M. H., Eijsman, L., and Wildevuur, C. R., 1992, Endotoxin release and tumor necrosis factor formation during cardiopulmonary bypass, Ann. Thorac. Surg. 54:744–748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jendroska, K., Poewe, W., Kaniel, S. E., Pluess, J., Iwerssen-Schmidt, H., Paulsen, J., Barthel, S., Schelosky, L., Cervos-Navarro, J., and DeArmond, S. J., 1995, Ischemic stress induces deposition of amyloid β immunoreactivity in human brain, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 90:461–466.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joachim, C. L., Morris, J. H., and Selkoe, D. J., 1988, Clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: Autopsy results in 150 cases, Ann. Neurol. 24(1):50–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, B. B., 1984, Cerebral vascular bed in hypertension and consequences for the brain, Hypertension (Suppl III) 6:111-81-111-86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, B. B., 1992, Vascular mechanisms in hypertensive cerebrovascular disease, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 19(Suppl 3):S11–S15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalaria, R. N., and Hedera, P., 1995, Differential degeneration of the cerebral microvasculature in Alzheimer’s disease, NeuroReport 6(3):477–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalaria, R. N., Homayoun, P., and Whitehouse, P. J., 1994, Nicotinic cholinergic receptors associated with mammalian cerebral vessels, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. (Suppl) 49:S3–S7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannel, W. B., Wolf, P. A., and Verter, J., 1983, Manifestations of coronary disease predisposing to stroke: The Framingham Study, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 250:2942–2946.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai, M., Kalaria, R. N., Cras, P., Siedlak, S. L., Velasco, M. E., Shelton, E. R., Chan, H. W., Greenberg, B. D., and Perry, G., 1993, Degeneration of vascular muscle cells in cerebral amyloid angiopathy of Alzheimer disease, Brain Res. 623:142–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, T., Wakusawa, R., Okada, K., and Inada, S., 1993, Elevation of cytokines during open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: Participation of interleukin 8 and 6 in reperfusion injury, Can. J. Anaesth. 40(11):1016–1021.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khachaturian, Z., 1985, Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, Arch. Neurol. 42:1097–1105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, T., Hashimura, T., and Miyakawa, T., 1991, Observations of microvessels in the brain with Alzheimer’s disease by the scanning electron microscopy, Jpn. J. Psychiat. Neurol. 45:671–676.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolkka, R., and Hiberman, M., 1980, Neurologic dysfunction following cardiac operation with low-flow, low-pressure cardiopulmonary bypass, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 79:432–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozachuk, W. E., DeCarli, C., Schapiro, M. B., Wagner, E. E., Rapoport, S. I., and Horwitz, B., 1990, White matter hyperintensities in dementia of Alzheimer’s type and in healthy subjects without cerebrovascular risk factors, Arch. Neurol. 47:1306–1310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraepelin, E., 1987, Senile and pre-senile dementia, in: The Early Story of Alzheimer’s Disease: Translation of the Historical Papers, Liviana, Florence, Italy, 32–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Launer, L. J., Masaki, K., Petrovitch, H., Foley, D., and Havlik, R. J., 1995, The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function: The Honolulu-Asia aging study, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 274:1846–1851.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lippa, C. F., Hamos, J. E., Smith, T. W., Pulaski-Salo, D., and Drachman, D. A., 1993, Vascular amyloid deposition in Alzheimer’s disease: Neither necessary nor sufficient for the local formation of plaques or tangles, Arch. Neurol. 50:1088–1092.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loo, D. T., Copani, A., Pike, C. J., Whittemore, E. R., Walencewicz, A. J., and Cotman, C. W., 1993, Apoptosis is induced by β-amyloid in cultured central nervous system neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7951–7955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lotz, P. R., Ballinger, W. E., and Quisling, R. G., 1986, Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: CT spectrum and pathologic correlation, Am. J. Neuroradiol. 7:817–822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malamud, N., and Grosh, L. C., 1938, Hyperinsulinism and cerebral change, Arch. Intern. Med. 61:579–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malamud, N., and Hirano, A., 1974, Articles of Neuropathology, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, pp. 138–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mancardi, G. L., Perdelli, F., Leonardi, A., and Bugiani, O., 1980, Thickening of the basement membrane of cortical capillaries in Alzheimer’s disease, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 49:79–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandybur, T. I., 1975, The incidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurology 25:120–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGeer, P. L., Kamo, H., Harrop, P., McGeer, E. G., Martin, W. R. W., Pate, B. D., and Li, D. K. B., 1986, Comparison of PET, MRI, and CT with pathology in a proven case of Alzheimer’s disease, Neurology 36:1569–1574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier-Ruge, W., Bertoni-Freddari, C., and Iwangoff, P., 1994a, Changes in brain glucose metabolism as a key to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Gerontology 40(5):246–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier-Ruge, W., Iwangoff, P., and Bertoni-Freddari, C., 1994b, What is primary and what secondary for amyloid deposition in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 719:230–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metter, E. J., and Wilson, R. S., 1993, Vascular Dementias, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. S., Obara, K., Muramatsu, K., Mortel, K. F., and Shirai, T., 1995, Cognitive performance after small strokes correlates with ischemia, not atrophy of the brain, Dementia 6:312–322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. S., Shirai, T., and Akiyama, H., 1996, Neuroimaging for differentiating vascular from Alzheimer’s dementias, Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 8(1):1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, R., Pietrzyk, U., Jacobs, A., Fink, G. R., Ichimiya, A., Kessler, J., Herholz, K., and Keiss, W. D., 1994, HMPAO SPECT and PET in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: Comparison of perfusion and metabolic pattern, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 21:1052–1060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, R., Schroder, R., Fink, G. R., Kessler, J., Herholz, K., and Heiss, W.-D., 1996, Regional cerebral glucose metabolism and postmortem pathology in Alzheimer’s disease, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 91:174–179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minthon, L., Nilsson, K., Evdinsson, L., Wendt, P. E., and Gustafson, L., 1995, Long-term effects of tacrine on regional cerebral blood flow changes in Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia 6(5):245–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moody, D. M., Bell, M. A., Phil, D., Challa, V. R., Johnston, W. E., and Prough, D. S., 1990, Brain microemboli during cardiac surgery or aortography, Ann. Neurol. 28:477–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S., Sternberger, H., Herman, M. M., and Sternberger, L. A., 1991, Leakage and neuronal uptake of serum protein in aged and Alzheimer brains: A postmortem phenomenon with antemortem etiology, Lab. Invest. 64(3):345–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, S. M., and Luft, F. C., 1982, The blood-brain barrier in renovascular hypertension, Stroke 13(2):229–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Northridge, D. B., Jamieson, M. P., Jardine, A. G., MacArthur, J. D., MacFarlane, N., and Dargie, H. J., 1992, Pulmonary extraction and left atrial secretion of atrial natriuretic factor during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, Am. Heart J. 123:698–703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obara, K., Meyer, J. S., Mortel, K. F., and Muramatsu, K., 1994, Cognitive declines correlated with decreased cortical volume and perfusion in dementia of Alzheimer’s type, J. Neurol. Sci. 127:96–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim, R. W., 1991, Cell death during development of the nervous system, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14:453–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pappolla, M. A., Omar, R. A., Kim, K. S., and Robakis, N. K., 1992, Immunohistochemical evidence of antioxidant stress in Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J. Pathol. 140:621–628.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parnetti, L., Lowenthal, D. T., Presciutti, O., Pelliccioli, G.-P., Palumbo, R., Gobbi, G., Chiarini, P., Palumbo, B., Tarducci, R., and Senin, U., 1996, 1-H-MRS, MRI-based hippocampal volumetry, and 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in normal aging, age-associated memory impairment, and probably Alzheimer’s disease, J. Am. Geriat. Soc. 44:133–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter, L. S., 1994, Microvascular pathology and vascular basement membrane components in Alzheimer’s disease, Mol. Neurobiol. 9(1-3):33–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter, L. S., Barron, E., Saperia, D., and Chui, H. C., 1991, Association between vascular basement membrane components and the lesions of Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurosci. Res. 30(4):673–681.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter, L. S., Scott, S. A., Barron, E., and Chui, H. C., 1992, MHC class II-positive microglia in human brain: Association with Alzheimer lesions, J. Neurosci. Res. 33:549–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter, L. S., Myers, M., and Barron, E., 1994, Vascular basement membrane components and the lesions of Alzheimer’s disease: Light and electron microscopic analyses, Microsc. Res. Tech. 28:204–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polinsky, R. J., Noble, H., and DiChiro, G., 1987, Dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease: Cerebral glucose metabolism, Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 50:752–757.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K., Kalra, J., Bharadwaj, B., Chaudhary, A. K., and Pharm, M., 1992, Increased oxygen free radical activity in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery, Am. Heart J. 123:37–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, J. L., Davis, P. B., Morris, J. C., and White, D. L., 1991, The distribution of tangles, plaques, and related immunohistochemical markers in healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 12:295–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince, M., Cullen, M., and Mann, A., 1994, Risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: A case-control study based on the MRC elderly hypertension trial, Neurology 44:97–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, S. I., 1991, Positron emission tomography in Alzheimer’s disease in relation to disease pathogenesis: A critical review, Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 3:297–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravens, J. R., 1978, Vascular changes in the human senile brain, in: Pathology of Cerebrospinal Microcirculation, Raven, New York, 487–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinder, C. S., Bohnert, J., Rinder, H. M., Mitchell, J., Ault, K., and Hillman, R., 1991, Platelet activation and aggregation during cardiopulmonary bypass, Anesthesiology 75:388–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E., 1986, Senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: A possible cerebrovascular origin and some therapeutic suggestions, in: The Biological Substrates of Alzheimer’s Disease, Academic, New York, pp. 241–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robitaille, Y., Metuzals, J., Houghton, S., Leblanc, R., and Gauthier, S., 1987, Disintegration of the blood brain barrier and peliosis in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (Abstr.) 46:397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., and Morrison, J., 1985, Quantitative morphology and regional and laminar distribution of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurol. Sci. 5:2801–2806.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. L., Meyer, J. S., Mortel, K. F., Mahurin, R. K., and Judd, B. W., 1986, Decreased cerebral blood flow precedes multi-infarct dementia, but follows senile dementia of Alzheimer type, Neurology 36:1–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roher, A. E., Lowenson, J. D., Clarke, S., Woods, A. S., Cotter, R. J., Gowing, E., and Ball, M. J., 1993, β-Amyloid-(1–42) is a major component of cerebrovascular amyloid deposits: Implications for the pathology of Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10836–10840.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roman, G. C., 1987, Senile dementia of the Binswanger type: A vascular form of dementia in the elderly, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258:1782–1788.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rydel, R. E., Kurdowska, A., Johnson-Wood, K. L., Schenk, D. B., Lieberburg, I., and Travis, J., 1992, Secreted forms of the β-amyloid precursor protein stimulate IL-6 release in cultures of human fibroblasts, Neurobiol. Aging 13(Suppl 1):S85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, A. B., and Duong, T., 1986, Microvascular changes in Alzheimer’s disease, in: The Biological Substrates of Alzheimer’s Disease, Academic, New York, pp. 177–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, A. B., Duong, T., and Tomiyasu, U., 1987, Denervation microangiopathy in senile dementia, Alzheimer type, Alz. Dis. Assoc. Dis. 1(1):19–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, C. F., 1964, The cerebral circulation: Some gerontological considerations, in: Cerebral Ischemia, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Massachusetts, pp. 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. A., Johnson, S. A., Zarow, C., and Perlmutter, L. S., 1993, Inability to detect beta-amyloid protein precursor mRNA in Alzheimer plaque-associated microglia, Exp. Neurol. 121(1):113–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sellke, F. W., Shafique, T., Ely, D. L., and Weintraub, R. M., 1993, Coronary endothelial injury after cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic cardioplegia is mediated by oxygen-derived free radicals, Circulation 88:395–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sellman, M., Hindmarsh, T., Ivert, T., and Bjarne, K. H., 1992, Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain before and after open heart operations, Ann. Thorac. Surg. 53:807–812.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, R. C., Crawford, D. W., Kramasch, D. M., Sevanian, A., and Jiao, Q., 1992, Immunolocalization of native antioxidant scavenger enzymes in early hypertensive and atherosclerotic arteries, Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 12:403–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P. J., Bates, D., Carlidge, N. E. F., French, J. M., Heaviside, D., Julian, D. G., and Shaw, D. A., 1986, Early intellectual dysfunction following coronary bypass surgery, Q. J. Med. 58(225):59–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng, J. G., Mrak, R. E., and Griffin, W. S., 1995, Microglial interleukin-1 alpha expression in brain regions in Alzheimer’s disease: Correlation with neuritic plaque distribution, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 21(4):290–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinkai, Y., Yoshimura, M., Ito, Y., Odaka, A., Suzuki, N., Yanagisawa, K., and Ihara, Y., 1995, Amyloid β-protein 1–40 and 1–42(43) in the soluble faction of extra-and intracranial blood vessels, Ann. Neurol. 38:421–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, I. A., Chundu, K. R., Davies-Hill, T., Honer, W. G., and Davies, P., 1994, Decreased concentration of GLUTI and GLUT3 glucose transporters in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 35(5):546–551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoog, I., Palmertz, B., and Andreasson, L.-A., 1994, The prevalence of white-matter lesions on computed tomography of the brain in demented and nondemented 85-year olds, J. Geriat. Psychiatry Neurol. 7:169–175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoog, I., Lemfelt, B., Landahl, S., Palmertz, B., Andreasson, L.-A., Nilsson, L., Persson, G., Oden, A., and Svanborg, A., 1996, 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia, Lancet 347:1141–1145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slemmon, J. R., Hughes, C. M., Campbell, G. A., and Flood, D. G., 1994, Increased levels of hemoglobin-derived and other peptides in Alzheimer’s disease cerebellum, J. Neurosci. 14(4):2225–2235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sliwka, U., Job, P.-E., Wissuwa, D., Diehl, R. R., Flachskampf, F.-A., Hanrath, P., and Noth, J., 1995, Occurrence of transcranial doppler high-intensity transient signals in patients with potential cardiac sources of embolism: A prospective study, Stroke 26:2067–2070.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slogoff, S., Girgis, K. Z., and Keats, A. S., 1982, Etiologic factors in neuropsychiatric complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, Anesth. Analg. 67:903–911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. S., de Leon, M. J., George, A. E., Kliyer, A., Volkow, N. D., McRae, T., Golomb, J., Ferris, S. H., Reisberg, B., Garavino, J., and La Regina, M. E., 1992, Topography of cross-sectional and longitudinal glucose metabolic deficits in Alzheimer’s disease, Arch. Neurol. 49:1142–1150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, A. D., and Wight, T. N., 1989, Proteoglycans in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 10:481–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, A. D., Mar, H., Nochlin, D., Kresse, H., and Wight, T. N., 1992, Peripheral distribution of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (decorin) in amyloid-containing plaques and their presence in neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer’s disease, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 40:105–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, A. D., Nochlin, D., Sekiguchi, R., and Carlson, S. S., 1996, Identification and immunolocalization of a new class of proteoglycan (keratan sulfate) to the neuritic plaques of Alzheimer’s disease, Exp. Neurol. 138:305–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sotaniemi, K. A., Mononen, H., and Hokkanen, T. E., 1986, Long-term cerebral outcome after openheart surgery, Stroke 17:410–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spangler, K. M., Challa, V. R., Moody, D. M., and Bell, M. A., 1994, Arterilar tortuosity of the white matter in aging and hypertension: A microradiographic study, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53(1):22–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. L., 1996, Intraneuronal β-amyloid immunoreactivity in the CNS, Neurobiol. Aging 17(2):291–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. L., and Hunsaker, J. C., 1992, Down’s syndrome: Occurrence of ALZ-50 reactive neurons and the formation of senile plaques, J. Neurol. Sci. 109:77–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. L., and Liu, H., 1992, Laminar and size distribution of senile plaques in AD, critical coronary artery disease (cCAD), and normal controls, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. L., Hunsaker, J. C., Scheff, S. W., Kryscio, R. J., Henson, J. L., and Markesbery, W. R., 1990, Cortical senile plaques in coronary artery disease, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 11:601–607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. L., Liu, H., Scheff, S. W., Coyne, C. M., and Hunsaker, J. C., III 1993, Temporal sequence of plaque formation in the cerebral cortex of non-demented individuals, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52:135–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. L., Scheff, S. W., Liu, H., Landers, T., Coyne, C. M., and Hunsaker, J. C., III 1995, Increased density of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in non-demented individuals with hypertension, J. Neurol. Sci. 131:162–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. L., Scheff, S. W., Liu, H., Landers, T., Danner, F., Coyne, C. M., and Hunsaker, J. C., III 1996, Increased density of senile plaques (SP), but not neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), in non-demented individuals with the Apolipoprotein E4 genotype: Comparison to confirmed Alzheimer’s disease patients, J. Neurol. Sci. 138:97–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starkstein, S. E., Sabe, L., Vazquez, S., Teston, A., Petracca, G., Chemerinski, E., Di Lorenzo, G., and Leiguarda, R., 1996, Neuropsychological, psychiatrie, and cerebral blood flow findings in vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, Stroke 27:408–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, P. A., Hayakawa, K., Akers, M.-A., and Vinters, H. V., 1992, A morphometric study of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer’s disease, Lab. Invest. 67(6):734–742.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streit, W. J., Graeber, M. B., and Kreutzberg, G. W., 1989, Expression of Ia antigen on perivascular and microglial cells after sublethal and lethal motor neuron injury, Exp. Neurol. 105:115–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, M. D., Gorog, P. G., Freeman, A., and Kakkar, V. V., 1989, Lipid peroxides and atherosclerosis, Br. Med. J. 298:281–284.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suenaga, T., Ohnishi, K., Nishimura, M., Nakamura, S., Akiguchi, I., and Kimura, J., 1994, Bundles of amyloid precursor protein-immunoreactive axons in human cerebrovascular white matter lesions, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 87:450–455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taggart, D. P., Sundaram, S., McCartney, C., Bowman, A., Mclntyre, H., Courtney, J. M., and Wheatley, D. J., 1994, Endotoxemia, complement, and white blood cell activation in cardiac surgery: A randomized trial of laxatives and pulsatile perfusion, Ann. Thorac. Surg. 57:376–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamaki, K., Nakai, M., Yokota, T., and Ogata, J., 1995, Effects of aging and chronic hypertension on cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in the rat, Gerontology 41:11–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tekirian, T. L., Cole, G. M., Russell, M. J., Yang, F., Wekstein, D. R., Patel, E., Snowden, D. A., Markesbery, W. R., and Geddes, J. W., 1996, Carboxy terminal of β-amyloid deposits in aged human, canine, and polar bear brains, Neurobiol. Aging 17(2):249–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomaoka, A., Kalaria, R. N., Lieberburg, I., and Selkoe, D. J., 1992, Identification of a stable fragment of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor containing the beta-protein in brain microvessels, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89(4):1345–1349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uchihara, T., Kondo, H., Akiyama, H., and Ikeda, K., 1995, White matter amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease brain, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 90:51–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, J. C., Delacourte, A., and Morrison, J. H., 1992, Progressive transformation of the cytoskeleton associated with normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease, Brain Res. 594:273–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vik, A., Brubakk, A. O., Rinck, P. A., Sande, E., Levang, O. W., and Sellevold, O., 1991, MRI: A method to detect minor brain damage following coronary bypass surgery, Neuroradiology 33:396–398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinters, H. V., Secor, D. L., Read, S. L., Frazee, J. G., Tomiyasu, U., Stanley, T. M., Ferreiro, J. A., and Akers, M.-A., 1994, Microvasculature in brain biopsy specimens from patients with Alzheimer’s disease: An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study, Ultrastruct. Pathol. 18:333–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski, H. M., and Kozolowski, P. B., 1982, Evidence for blood-brain barrier changes in senile dementia of Alzheimer’s type (AD/SDAT): Alzheimer’s disease, Down’s syndrome, and aging, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 396:119–129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski, H. M., and Wegiel, J., 1994, β-amyloid formation by myocytes of lepomeningeal vessels, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 87:233–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, P. A., D’Agostino, R. B., Belanger, A. J., and Kannel, W. B., 1991, Probability of stroke: A risk profile for the Framingham Study, Stroke 22:312–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, N., Reed, B. R., Eberling, J. L., and Jagust, W. J., 1995, Temporal lobe perfusion on single photon emission computed tomography predicts the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease, Arch. Neurol. 52(3):257–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolozin, B., Scicutella, A., and Davies, P., 1988, Reexpression of a developmentally regulated antigen in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6202–6206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita, K., Miyakawa, T., and Katsuragi, S., 1991, Vascular changes in the brains with Alzheimer’s disease, Jpn. J. Psychiat. Neurol. 45:79–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi, H., Fukuyama, H., Harada, K., Nabatame, H., Ogawa, M., Ouchi, Y., Kimura, J., and Konishi, J., 1993, Callosal atrophy parallels decreased cortical oxygen metabolism and neuropsychological impairment in Alzheimer’s disease, Arch. Neurol. 50:1070–1075.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, 85351, USA

    D. Larry Sparks

  2. Division of Medical Examiner’s Service, Kentucky Justice Cabinet, Frankfort, Kentucky, 40601, USA

    D. Larry Sparks

Authors
  1. D. Larry Sparks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Alan Peters

  2. Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA

    John H. Morrison

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sparks, D.L. (1999). Vascular-Related and Mediated Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease. In: Peters, A., Morrison, J.H. (eds) Cerebral Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, vol 14. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4885-0_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4885-0_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7216-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4885-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation