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Avian Hippocampus as a Model to Study Spatial Orientation-Related Synaptic Plasticity

  • Chapter
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neuronal Plasticity

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 446))

Abstract

One of the major goals facing current research in cognitive neuroscience is to identify the neuronal mechanisms that mediate complex cognitive processing (Polser et al., 1991). Ultimately, the goal is to understand the neural basis of human cognition. Human cognition cannot be systematically investigated since, for ethical reasons, one can only manipulate the human nervous system in a limited number of ways. However, several cognitive processes, such as many forms of learning and memory, are common to many vertebrate species including humans and the fundamental mechanisms mediating these phenomena can potentially be studied in a variety of different species (Spetch et al., 1993). Although the molecular processes responsible for memory in the brain are not yet clear, it is reasonable to assume that they are strongly related to synaptic plasticity. For the purpose of this review synaptic plasticity will be defined as changes in the efficiency of synaptic connections following periods of enhanced, or reduced activity. Such changes were thought to occur in the peripheral nervous system and in spinal cord (Larrabee et al., 1938; DelCastillo et al.,1954; Eccles et al., 1951; Magleby,1973; Mallart and Martin, 1967), however the duration of this kind of facilitation was too short to be considered as a model for memory in higher CNS regions. The situation changed in the early seventies when Bliss and Lomo described the phenomenon of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) (Bliss and Lomo, 1973). They showed that brief, high frequency activation of one of the hippocampal pathways called the perforant path could evoke a stable increase in the synaptic efficiency of the stimulated synapses. Since its discovery LTP has been observed in several brain areas (Racine and Kairiss, 1987), but the most prominent LTP had been recorded so far in mammalian hippocampus and the vast majority of the research devoted to the synaptic plasticity focused on this structure. At present LTP is highly favored candidate for a cellular mnemonic device in the vertebrate brain (Madison et al., 1991; Morris et al., 1991) and an increasing body of the evidence indicates that it may be specifically related to the type of learning which involves spatial orientation (Morris et al., 1986; Morris et al., 1991).

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  1. Department of Biology/Program in Neuroscience, The College of Staten Island/CUNY, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, New York, New York, 10314, USA

    Andrzej Wieraszko

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  1. The College of Staten Island of The City University of New York, USA

    Yigal H. Ehrlich

  2. The CSI/IBR Center for Developmental Neuroscience Staten Island, New York, USA

    Yigal H. Ehrlich

  3. The City University Graduate School, New York, New York, USA

    Yigal H. Ehrlich

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Wieraszko, A. (1998). Avian Hippocampus as a Model to Study Spatial Orientation-Related Synaptic Plasticity. In: Ehrlich, Y.H. (eds) Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neuronal Plasticity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 446. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4869-0_7

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