Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism pp 81–110Cite as

The Contested Commons

Archaeologies of Race, Repression, and Resistance in New York City

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology ((CGHA))

Abstract

The Commons, the area surrounding and including the present-day location of City Hall in lower Manhattan, has been an intensely contested landscape since the seventeenth century. The non-elite inhabitants of New Amsterdam, and later New York City, claimed this unappropriated land as a Commons in the traditional medieval sense, as an area where subsistence activities such as cattle grazing and firewood collection could be conducted (Thompson 1993). By the end of the seventeenth century, a portion of the Commons was being utilized as an African burial ground and ritual space. By the second quarter of the eighteenth century, the colonial government was attempting (with limited success) to restrict and regulate activities on the Commons, including burials. Reactions to recent excavations within the African Burial Ground and subsequent controversies regarding the project research design demonstrate that the contestation continues unabated. This project provides an ideal opportunity to address several aspects of the archaeology of capitalism, including the social construction of racial categories, the formulation of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic historical consciousness, the essentialist/social constructionist debate, and the role of descendent communities and their allies in archaeological, historical, and bioanthropological research (for general background on the project see Cook 1993; Coughlin 1994; Dunlap 1993; Harrigton 1993; Harris et al. 1993; Howard University and John Milner Associates 1993; Jorde 1993, and Howson and Harris 1992).

They hang the man and frog the woman Who steals the goose from off the common; But let the greater criminal loose Who steals the Common from the goose. —(Anonymous Late Medieval Folk Wisdom)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, T. W. 1994 The Invention of the White Race: Volume One, Racial Oppression and Social Control. Verso, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, T. W. 1994 The Invention of the White Race: Volume Two, The Origin of Racial Oppression in Anglo America. Verso, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous 1995a [photo caption] To Atone for the Misdeeds of the Past. New York Times, August 5, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous 1995b Royal African Delegation Plans to Visit African Burial Ground. New York Amsterdam News, August 5, 1995, p. 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M. 1984 Rabelais and His World. University of Indiana Press, Bloomington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugher, S., E. J. Lenik, T. Amorosi, D. Dallai, J. Guston, D. A. Plotts, and R. Venables. 1990 The Archaeological Investigation of the City Hall Park Site, Manhattan. Report prepared by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission for the New York City Department of General Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckles, H. McD. 1989 White Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados, 1627-1715. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behn, A. 1987 Oroonoko, or, The Royal Slave. [1688] (a critical edition edited by Adelaide P. Amore). University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakey, M. L. 1987 Skull Doctors: Intrinsic Social and Political Bias in the History of American Physical Anthropology. Critique of Anthropology 7(2):7–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blakey, M. L. 1995 Race, Nationalism, and the Afrocentric Past. Making Alternative Histories: The Practice of Archaeology and History in Non-western Settings, edited by P. R. Schmidt and T. C. Patterson, pp. 213–228. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakey, M. L. 1996 Skull Doctors Revisited: Intrinsic Social and Political Bias in the History of American Physical Anthropology, With Special Reference to the Works of Ales Hrdlicka, In Race and Other Misadventures: Essays in Honor of Ashley Montague in His Ninetieth Year, edited by L. T. Reynolds and L. Leiberman, pp. 64–95. General Hall, Inc., Dix Hills, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, H. 1992a Dinkins, Prof. Clarke, Others Testify at Burial Ground Hearings. New York Amsterdam News, August 1, 1992, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, H. 1992b Hundreds Pay Respects at Burial Ground Vigil. New York Amsterdam News, August 15, 1992, pp. 3, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brace, C. L. 1995 A Four-Letter Word Called “Race.” In Race and Other Misadventures: Essays in Honor of Ashley Montague in His Ninetieth Year, edited by L. T. Reynolds and L. Leiberman, pp. 106–141. General Hall, Inc., Dix Hills, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne, J. Z. 1992a 500 More Bodies Found at Negro Burial Site. New York Amsterdam News, April 18, 1992, pp. 1, 34.s

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne, J. Z. 1992b Pols Demand Burial Ground be Made an Historic Site. New York Amsterdam News, April 25, 1992, pp. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne, J. Z. 1992c Dinkins Demands Halt to Digging at Burial Ground. New York Amsterdam News, July 25, 1992, pp. 1, 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. S. 1971 Elias Neau, Instructor to New York’s Slaves. New-York Historical Society Quarterly 55:7–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, K. 1993 Black Bones, White Science: The Battle over New York’s African Burial Ground. The Village Voice, May 4, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. F. 1990 Satanstoe, or The Littlepage Manuscripts: A Tale of the Colony [1845], with an Historical Introduction by K. S. House. State University of New York, Albany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crapazano, V. 1986 Waiting: The Whites of South Africa. Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K., N. Gotanda, G. Peller, and K. Thomas. 1995 Introduction. In Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement, pp. xiii–xxxii. New Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craton, M. 1982 Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cray, R. E. 1988 Poverty and Poor Relief: New York City and its Rural Environs, 1700-1790, in Authority and Resistance in Early New York, edited by William Pencak and Conrad Edick Wright, pp. 173–201. New-York Historical Society, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, T. J. 1985 A Rumor of Revolt: The “Great Negro Plot” in Colonial New York. The Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dibennardo, R., and J. V. Taylor 1983 Multiple Discriminant Function Analysis of Sex and Race in the Postcranial Skeleton. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 61:305–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, St. C. 1980 Anthropology and the Black Experience. The Black Scholar U(7):2–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, D. W. 1993 A Black Cemetery Takes its Place in History. New York Times, February 28, 1993, p. E5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epperson, T. W. 1996 The Politics of “Race” and Cultural Identity at the African Burial Ground Excavations, New York City. World Archaeological Bulletin 7:108–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epperson, T. W. 1997 Whiteness in Early Virginia. Race Traitor 7:9–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, B. J. 1990 Slavery and Ideology in the United States of America. New Left Review 181:95–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine-Dare, K. S. 1997 Disciplinary Renewal Out Of National Disgrace: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Compliance in the Academy. Radical History Review 68:25–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuss, D. 1989 Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference. Routledge, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaines, P. 1995 Bones of Forebears: Howard U. Study Stirs Ghanian Chiefs to Honor Ages-Old Link to U.S. Blacks. Washington Post, August 3, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy, P. 1993 The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godwyn, M. 1680 The Negro’s & Indians Advocate, Suing for the Admission into the Church: or A Persuasive to the Instructing and Baptizing of the Negro’s and Indians in our Plantations.… To Which is added, A brief Account of Religion in Virginia. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D. T. 1993 Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, A. H., and G. J. Annelagos 1996 The Resurrection of Race: The Concept of Race in Physical Anthropology in the 1990s. In Race and Other Misadventures: Essays in Honor of Ashley Montague in His Ninetieth Year, edited by L. T. Reynolds and L. Leiberman, pp. 174–186. General Hall, Inc., Dix Hills, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grim, D. 1854 A Plan of the City and Environs of New York. Drawn in 1813, depicting 1744. (Lithograph by G. Gayward for Valentine’s Manual, 1854). David T. Valentine. Valentine Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, J. W. 1991 The Buried History of City Hall Park: The Initial Archaeological Identification, Definition, and Documentation of Well-preserved 18th-Century Deposits and Possible Structural Remains of NYC’s First Almshouse. Report prepared by Grossman and Associates, Inc., for the New York City Department of General Services. GSA (General Services Administration, Region 2, Complier)

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, J. W. 1993 Comments on the Draft Research Design for Archaeological, Historical, and Bioanthropological Investigations of the African Burial Ground and Five Points Area, New York, New York. General Services Administration, Region 2, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handler, J. S. 1994 Determining African Birth from Skeletal Remains: A Note on Tooth Mutilation. Historical Archaeology 28:113–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handler, J. S. 1997 An African-Type Healer/Diviner and His Grave Goods: A Burial from a Plantation Slave Cemetery in Barbados, West Indies. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 1:91–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G., J. Howson, and B. Bradley 1993 African Burial Ground and the Commons Historic District: Designation Report. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, F. V. 1991 Anthropology as an Agent of Transformation: Introductory Comments and Queries, In Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving Further Toward an Anthropology for Liberation, edited by Faye V. Harrison, pp. 1–14. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, F. V. 1995 The Persistent Power of “Race” in the Cultural and Political Economy of Racism. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:47–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartigan, J., Jr. 1997 Establishing the Fact of Whiteness. American Anthropologist 99:495–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, C. 1943 Body Snatching in New York City. New York State Journal of Medicine 43:1861–1865.

    Google Scholar 

  • hooks, b. [Gloria Watkins] 1990 Critical Interrogation: Talking Race, Resisting Racism. In Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics, pp. 51-56. South End Press, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsmanden, D. 1971 The New York Conspiracy. Edited with an Introduction by T. J. Davis. Beacon Press, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard University and John Milner Associates 1993 Foley Square Federal Courthouse and Office Building, New York, New York: Research Design for Archaeological, Historical, and Bioanthropological Investigations of the African Burial Ground (Broadway Block) New York, New York (December 14,1993). Prepared for General Services Administration, Region 2, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howson, J., and G. Harris 1992 African Burial Ground: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission, on file.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignatiev, N. 1995 How the Irish Became White. Routledge, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorde, P. K. (compiler) 1993 Final Recommendations to the Administrator, General Services Administration and the United States Congress on the Memorialization of the African Burial Ground.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, T. F. 1997 Identification and Management of Traditional Cultural Places, (a short course at the annual meeting of the American Cultural Resources Association, St. Louis, Missouri, September 19, 1997.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladenheim, J. C. 1950 The “Doctors Mob” of 1788. Journal of the History of Medicine 5:23–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRoche, C. J., and M. L. Blakey 1997 Seizing Intellectual Power: The Dialogue at the New York African Burial Ground. Historical Archaeology 31(3):84–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, L. W. 1977 Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Thought from Slavery to Freedom. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebennan, L., and L. T. Reynolds 1995 Race: The Deconstruction of a Scientific Concept, In Race and Other Misadventures: Essays in Honor of Ashley Montague in His Ninetieth Year, edited by L. T. Reynolds and L. Leiberman, pp. 142–173. General Hall, Inc., Dix Hills, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linebaugh, P., and M. Rediker 1990 The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, and the Atlantic Working Class in the Eighteenth Century. Journal of Historical Sociology 3(3):225–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lott, E. 1993 Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrely and the American Working Class. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lydon, J. G. 1978 New York and the Slave Trade, 1700 to 1774. William and Mary Quarterly 35:375–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maerschalck, F. 1755 A Plan of the City of New York from an Actual Survey Anno Domini M,DDC,LV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manross, W. W. (editor) 1974 S.P.G. Papers in the Lambeth Palace Library: Calendar and Indexes. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marable, M. 1992 Race, Identity, and Political Culture, In Black Popular Culture: A Project by Michele Wallace, edited by Gina Dent, pp. 292–302. Bay Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marable, M. 1995 Beyond Racial Identity Politics: Tbward a Liberation Theory for Multicultural Democracy, In Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics, pp. 185–202. Verso, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCC (Minutes of the Common Council, cited in text by date of entry) 1905 Minutes of the Common Council, 1675-1776. Dodd, Mead, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCC (Minutes of the Common Council, cited in text by date of entry) 1917 Minutes of the Common Council, 1784-1831. Dodd, Mead, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, R. H., and R. Payner (editors) 1991 The Archaeology of Inequality. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, W. L., E. J. Ladd, and T. J. Ferguson 1993 The Return of the Ahayuda: Lessons for Repatriation from Zuni Pueblo and the Smithsonian Institution. Current Anthropology 34:523–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mintz, S. W., and R. Price 1992 The Birth of African-American Culture: An Anthropological Perspective. Beacon Press, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay, C. C., and Y. T. Moses 1997 Reestablishing “Race” in Anthropological Discourse. American Anthropologist 99:517–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nassaney, M. 1986 Objectivity and Critical Analysis in Mortuary Studies: A North American Case Study. Paper presented at the World Archaeological Congress, Southhampton, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Officer, D. 1993a Scientists Probe African Burial Ground for Answers to Puzzles. New York Amsterdam News, August 21, 1993, pp. 2, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Officer, D. 1993b Part II: Artifacts Tell Stories of the Dead in Slave Burials. New York Amsterdam News, August 28, 1993, pp. 2, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Officer, D. 1993c Part III: New Technology Puts “Life” to Old Bones. New York Amsterdam News, August 28, 1993, pp. 2, 48. Ofori-Ansa, K. 1995 Identification and Validation of the Sanfoka Symbol. Update: Newsletter of the African Burial Ground & Five Points Archaeological Projects 1(8):3.Sherrill D. Wilson, Newsletter Editor. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, H. E., and R. B. Thomas 1994 White Public Space and the Construction of White Privilege in U.S. Health Care: Fresh Concepts and a New Model of Analysis. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 8: 109–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, P. L., and T. F. King 1992 Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties. National Register Bulletin 38. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, W. R. 1997a Analysis of the African Burial Ground Archaeological Materials. Update, Newsletter of the African Burial Ground & Five Points Archaeological Projects 2(2):1, 3-5, 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, W. R. 1997b Archaeology as Community Service. Society for the Anthropology of North America Newsletter, pp. 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, J. H. 1966 Fenimore Cooper and Pinkster. New York Folklore Quarterly 22(1):15–19. Plan of New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, J. H. 1735 Plan of the City of New York in the Year 1735. Cartographer unknown. 1735, depicting 1732-35. (Stokes, Vol. 1, Pl 30).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, A. L., Jr. 1997 W. E. B. DuBois and American Political Thought: Fabianism and the Color Line. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roedigger, D. 1991 The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. Verso, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodney, W. 1969 Upper Guinea and the significance of the Origins of Africans Enslaved in the New World. Journal of Negro History 54:327–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, S. J. 1988 Objects of Charity: Poor Relief, Poverty, and the Rise of the Almshouse in Early Eighteenth-Century New York City, In Authority and Resistance in Early New York, edited by W. Pencak and C. E. Wright, pp. 138–172. New-York Historical Society, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, N. J. 1992 Forensic Anthropology and the Concept of Race: If Races Don’t Exist, Why are Forensic Anthropologists so Good at Identifying Them? Social Science and Medicine 34:107–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scarupa, H. J. 1994 Learning from Ancestral Bones: New York’s Exhumed African Past. American Visions February/March, 1994:19–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuler, M. 1970 Akan Slave Rebellions in the British Caribbean. Savacou: A Journal of the Caribbean Artists Movement 1(1):8–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. W. 1988 Deconstructing Equality-Versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Post-structuralist Theory for Feminism. Feminist Studies 14:33–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, K. 1961 The Slave Insurrection in New York in 1712. New-York Historical Society Quarterly 45:43–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sealy, J. C., N. J. van der Merwe, A. Sillen, J. F. Kruger, and H. W. Krueger1991 87SR/86SR as a Dietary Indicator in Modern Archaeological Bone. Journal of Archaeological Science 18:399–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, J. 1712 [Letter written 6/23/1712 to the secretary of the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.] reprinted in the New York Genealogical and Biographical Record (1890) 21:162–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, J. 1713 Proposals for Erecting a School, Library and Chapel at New York. (MSS. 841, Lambeth Palace Library, London). Reprinted in Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the year 1880, pp. 341–363. Printed for the Society by Trow & Smith Book Manufacturing Co., New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sider, G. 1987 When Parrots Learn to Talk, and Why They Can’t: Domination, Deception, and Self-Deception in Indian-White Relations. Comparative Studies in Society and History 29:3–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sider, G. 1994 Identity as History: Ethnohistory, Ethnogenesis and Ethoncide in the Southeastern United States. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 1(1):109–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. 1986 The Wealth of Nations, Books I–III [1776], Introduction by A. Skinner. Penguin Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, I. N. P. 1915 The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909. Robert H. Dodd, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strickland-Abuwi, L. 1992 Jazz Great Noel Pointer Fights to Save 18th-Century Black Cemetery. New York Amsterdam News, June 27,1992, pp. 3, 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckey, S. 1987 Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckey, S. 1994 Going Through the Storm: The Influence of African American Art in History. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E. P. 1993 Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture. The New Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, D. T. 1827-1866 Manual of the Corporation of New York. David T. Valentine, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigilant, L. A. 1991 African Populations and the Evolution of Human Mitochondrial DNA. Science 253:1503–1507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, S. 1989 Pinkster: Afro-Dutch Syncretization in New York City and the Hudson Valley. Journal of American Folklore 102:68–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B. 1989 A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation across Ethnic Terrain. Annual Review of Anthropology 18:401–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S. D., and J. Howson 1997 Modern Myths of the African Burial Ground. Update, Newsletter of the African Burial Ground & Five Points Archaeological Projects 2(2):8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, K. J. 1994 The Significance of Race. The Chronicle of Higher Education May 11, 1994, pp. A10, A14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, L. J. 1989 Made Radical by My Own: An Archaeologist Learns to Accept Reburial, In Conflict in the Archaeology of Living Traditions, edited by R. Layton, pp. 60–67. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cultural Heritage Research Services, Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania, 19454, USA

    Terrence W. Epperson

Authors
  1. Terrence W. Epperson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    Mark P. Leone

  2. Sargent Museum of Archaeology Concord, New Hampshire, USA

    Parker B. Potter Jr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Epperson, T.W. (1999). The Contested Commons. In: Leone, M.P., Potter, P.B. (eds) Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism. Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4767-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4767-9_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46068-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4767-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation