Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Psychotherapies with Children and Families pp 345–366Cite as

Pharmacotherapy of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Issues in Clinical Child Psychology ((ICCP))

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have repeatedly suggested anxiety disorders to be among the more prevalent of the child and adolescent psychopathologies (Costello & Angold, 1995). With advances in the identification of child- and adolescent-onset anxiety (March & Albano, 1996) has come a concomitant increase in the application of pharmacological treatments borrowed in part from successful strategies applied in adult populations with similar disorders (Allen, Leonard, & Swedo, 1995). Conversely, although psychopharmacological interventions are increasingly recognized as an essential part of the treatment armamentarium for anxious youth ( Bernstein, Borchardt, & Perwien, 1996), the exact place of medication strategies alone and in combination with psychosocial interventions is as yet unclear for all of the anxiety disorders save OCD (AACAP, 1997; Popper, 1993). Outside of OCD (March, Leonard, & Swedo, 1995b), few empirical studies of the efficacy, much less safety, of specific medications have been conducted (Klein & Slomkowski, 1993), with the use of many compounds in the pediatric population supported solely by clinical lore (Kutcher, Reiter, & Gardner, 1995). Surprisingly, most of the reported investigations either have been open trials or have been conducted in patient populations that are not well characterized ( Jensen, Vitiello, Leonard, & Laughren, 1994; Kazdin & Weisz, 1998), making it difficult to interpret the results as standardized baseline diagnostic procedures and objective outcome measures should be precisely defined and specific for the disorders under investigation (Conners, Wells, March, & Fiore, 1994; March & Albano, 1998).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • AACAP. (1997). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10 Suppl.), 69S–84S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albano, A. M., & Chorpita, B. F. (1995). Treatment of anxiety disorders of childhood. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(4), 767–784.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alessi, N., & Bos, T. (1991). Buspirone augmentation of fluoxetine in a depressed child with obsessive-compulsive disorder [letter; comment]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(11), 1605–1606.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, A. J., Leonard, H., & Swedo, S. E. (1995). Current knowledge of medications for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(8), 976–986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, J. A., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1992). Suicidal attempts among older adolescents: Prevalence and co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(4), 655–662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansseau, M., Papart, P., Gerard, M.-A., & von Frenckeli, R. (1990). Controlled comparison of buspirone and oxazepam in generalized anxiety. Neuropsychobiology, 24(2), 74–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apter, A., Ratzoni, G., King, R. A., Weizman, A., Iancu, I., Binder, M., & Riddler, M. A. (1994). Fluvox-amine open-label treatment of adolescent inpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder or depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(3), 342–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballenger, J. C. (1993). Panic disorder: Efficacy of current treatments. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 29(4), 477–486.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbee, J. G., Black, F. W., & Todorov, A. A. (1992). Differential effects of alprazolam and buspirone upon acquisition, retention, and retrieval processes in memory. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 4(3), 308–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 333–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beautrais, A. L., Joyce, P. R., & Mulder, R. T. (1998). Psychiatric illness in a New Zealand sample of young people making serious suicide attempts. New Zealand Medical Journal, 111(1060), 44–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berney, T., Kolvin, I., Bhate, S., Garside, R., Jeans, J., Kay, B., & Scarth, L. (1981). School phobia: A therapeutic trial with clomipramine and short-term outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138,110–118.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, G. A., Borchardt, C. M., & Perwien, A. R. (1996). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(9), 1110–1119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, G., Garfinkel, B., & Borchardt, C. (1990). Comparative studies of pharmacotherapy for school refusal. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5), 773–781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J. (1987). Clonazepam in the treatment of prepubertal children with panic-like symptoms. Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit of Massachusetts General Hospital Symposium: New uses for clonazepam in psychiatry (1987, Boston, Massachusetts). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48(Suppl.), 38–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., Perel, J., & Nelson, B. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(11), 1427–1439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birmaher, B., Waterman, G. S., Ryan, N., Cully, M., Balach, L., Ingram, J., & Brodsky, M. (1994). Fluoxetine for childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(7), 993–999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, B., & Uhde, T. W. (1994). Treatment of elective mutism with fluoxetine: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study [see comments]. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(7), 1000–1006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent, D. A. (1997). The aftercare of adolescents with deliberate self-harm. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 38(3), 277–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1995). Diagnostic comorbidity in panic disorder: Effect on treatment outcome and course of comorbid diagnoses following treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 408–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coffey, B. J. (1990). Anxiolytics for children and adolescents: Traditional and new drugs. Special Issue: The safe and effective use of psychotropic medications in adolescents and children. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 1(1), 57–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C, Wells, K., March, J., & Fiore, C. (1994). Methodological issues in the multimodal treatment of the disruptive behavior disorders. In L. Greenhill (Ed.), Psychiatric Clinics of North America: Disruptive behavior disorders (pp. 361–378). Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, E., Charak, D., Trapani, C, & Zelko, F. (1994). Sertraline treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Preliminary findings. Scientific Proceeding of the AACAP Annual Meeting, New York, pp. 57–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coplan, J. D., Tiffon, L, & Gorman, J. M. (1993). Therapeutic strategies for the patient with treatment-resistant anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54(Suppl.), 69–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (1995). Epidemiology. In J. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 109–124). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, D. J., Ballenger, J. C., Laraia, M., Hobbs, W. R., Peterson, G. A., & Hucek, A. (1988). Different rates of improvement of different symptoms in combined pharmacological and behavioral treatment of agoraphobia. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 19(2), 119–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, N. R., Hesselink, J. M., & Sramek, J. J. (1994). A phase II multicenter dose-finding, efficacy and safety trial of ipsapirone in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. Progress in Neuropsy-chopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 18(3), 447–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVane, C. L., & Sallee, F. R. (1996). Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors in child and adolescent psy-chopharmacology: A review of published experience. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57(2), 55–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeVeaugh-Geiss, J., Moroz, G., Biederman, J., Cantwell, D., Fontaine, R., Greist, J. H., Reichler, R., Katz, R., & Landau, P. (1992). Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder—a multicenter trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 45–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubovsky, S. L. (1993). Approaches to developing new anxiolytics and antidepressants. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54(Suppl.), 75–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, G., & Popper, C. (1991). Tricyclic antidepressants: The QT interval and other cardiovascular parameters. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 1,187–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enkelmann, R. (1991). Alprazolam versus buspirone in the treatment of outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychopharmacology, 105(3), 428–432.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. M., Troisi, J. R., 2nd, & Griffiths, R. R. (1994). Tandospirone and alprazolam: Comparison of behavioral effects and abuse liability in humans. Journal of Pharmacological Experimental Therapy, 271(2), 683–694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbanks, J. M., Pine, D. S., Tancer, N. K., Dummit, E. S., 3rd, Kentgen, L. M., Martin, J., Asche, B. K., & Klein, R. G. (1997). Open fluoxetine treatment of mixed anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 7(1), 17–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feighner, J. P. (1987). Buspirone in the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48(Suppl.), 3–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feighner, J., & Boyer, W. (1991). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flament, M. F., Rapoport, J. L., & Kilts, C. (1985). A controlled trial of clomipramine in childhood obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21(1), 150–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, C. P., Trimble, M. R., Deakin, J. F., Stokes, T. M., & Ashford, J. J. (1994). Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(7), 301–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gammans, R. E., Stringfellow, J. C, Hvizdos, A. J., Seidehamel, R. J., Cohn, J. B., Wilcox, C. S., Fabre, L. F., Pecknold, J. C, Smith, W. T., & Rickeis, K. (1992). Use of buspirone in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and coexisting depressive symptoms. A meta-analysis of eight randomized, controlled studies. Neuropsychobiology, 25(4), 193–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gittelman-Klein, R., & Klein, D. (1980). Separation anxiety in school refusal and its treatment with drugs. In L. Hersov & I. Berg (Eds.), Out of school (pp. 321–341). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Delgado, P., Heninger, G. R., & Charney, D. S. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1012–1016.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, G. M. (1996). How do antidepressants affect serotonin receptors? The role of serotonin receptors in the therapeutic and side effect profile of the SSRIs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57(Suppl. 4), 9–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graae, F., Milner, J., Rizzotto, L., & Klein, R. G. (1994). Clonazepam in childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(3), 372–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt, D. (1993). Basic pharmacokinetic principles and their application to psychotropic drugs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54(9 Suppl.), 8–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greist, J. H., Chouinard, G., DuBoff, E., Halaris, A., Kim, S. W., Koran, L., Liebowitz, M., Lydiard, R. B., Rasmussen, S., & Whole, K. (1995). Double-blind parallel comparison of three dosages of sertraline and placebo in outpatients with obsesesive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(1), 53–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greist, J. H., Jefferson, J. W., Kobak, K. A., Katzelnick, D. J., & Serlin, R. C. (1995). Efficacy and tolera-bility of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(1), 53–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, M. D. (1995). Buspirone in ADHD with ODD [letter]. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(10), 1260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, C. W., & Preskorn, S. H. (1994). Pharmacokinetics in child/adolescent psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 24(2), 76–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, J. W. (1995). Social phobia: A pharmacologic treatment overview. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56(Suppl. 5), 18–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, P. S., Vitiello, B., Leonard, H., & Laughren, T. P. (1994). Design and methodology issues for clinical treatment trials in children and adolescents. Child and adolescent psychopharmacology: Expanding the research base. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 30(1), 3–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, J. M., & Cohon, M. S. (1993). A comparison of the safety and efficacy of alprazolam versus other agents in the treatment of anxiety, panic, and depression: A review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54(Suppl.), 25–45; discussion 46-48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 19–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keith, C. (1995). Psychodynamic psychotherapy. In J. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 386–400). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Panichelli-Mindel, S. M, Southam-Gerow, M., Henin, A., & War-man, M. (1997). Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: A second randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65(3), 366–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. F. (1996). Panic disorder and agoraphobia: Hypothesis hothouse. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57(Suppl. 6), 21–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. G., Koplewicz, H. S., & Kanner, A. (1992). Imipramine treatment of children with separation anxiety disorder. Special Section: New developments in pediatric psychopharmacology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. G., & Slomkowski, C. (1993). Treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 29(4), 525–535.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L. (1992). Treatments for panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53(Suppl.), 14–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kranzler, H. R. (1988). Use of buspirone in an adolescent with overanxious disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(6), 789–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher, S. P., & MacKenzie, S. (1988). Successful clonazepam treatment of adolescents with panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8(4), 299–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher, S., Reiter, S., & Gardner, D. (1995). Pharmacotherapy: Approaches and applications. In J. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 341–385). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher, S. P., Reiter, S., Gardner, D. M., & Klein, R. G. (1992). The pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15(1), 41–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, H., Jensen, P., Vitiello, B., Laughren, T., Ryan, N., March, J., Riddle, M., & Biederman, J. (1996). Ethical issues in psychopharmacological treatment research with children and adolescents. In K. Hoagwood, P. Jensen, & C. Fisher (Eds.), Issues in mental health research with children and adolescents (pp. 73–88). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, H. L., Lenane, M. C, Swedo, S. E., Rettew, D. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1991). A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine treatment of severe onychophagia (nail biting). Archives of General Psychiatry, 48(9), 821–82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, H. L., March, J., Rickler, K. C., & Allen, A. J. (1997). Pharmacology of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(6), 725–736.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, H. L., Meyer, M. C, Swedo, S. E., Richter, D., Hamburger, S. D., Allen, A. J., Rapoport, J. L., & Tucker, E. (1995). Electrocardiographc changes during desipramine and clomipramine treatment in children and adolescents [see comments]. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(11), 1460–1468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, H. L., Swedo, S. E., Lenane, M. C, Rettew, D. C, Hamburger, S. D., Bartko, J. J., & Rapoport, J. L. (1993). A 2-to 7-year follow-up study of 54 obsessive-compulsive children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(6), 429–439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lepola, U., Leinonen, E., & Koponen, H. (1996). Citalopram in the treatment of early-onset panic disorder and school phobia. Pharmacopsychiatry, 29(1), 30–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandoki, M. (1994). Buspirone treatment of traumatic brain injury in a child who is highly sensitive to adverse effects of psychotropic medications. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 4(2), 129–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. (1995). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. (1998). Manual for the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J., & Albano, A. (1996). Assessment of anxiety in children and adolescents. In L. Dickstein, M. Riba, & M. Oldham (Eds.), Review of psychiatry XV (Vol. XV, pp. 405–427). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J., & Albano, A. (1998). New developments in assessing pediatric anxiety disorders. In T. 01-lendick (Ed.), Advances in clinical child psychology (pp. 213–241). Washington, DC: American Psychological Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J., Biederman, J., Wolkow, R., Safferman, A., & Group, S. S. (1997). Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J., Frances, A., Kahn, D., & Carpenter, D. (1997). Expert consensus guidelines: Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(Suppl. 4), 1–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. S., Gutzman, L. D., Jefferson, J. W., & Greist, J. H. (1989). Serotonin and treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Developments, 7(1), 1–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • March, J. S., & Leonard, H. L. (1996). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(10), 1265–1273.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J., Leonard, H., & Swedo, S. (1995a). Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In M. Riddle (Ed.), Child psychiatric clinics of North America: Pharmacotherapy (pp. 217–236). New York: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J. S., Leonard, H. L., & Swedo, S. E. (1995b). Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 4(1), 217–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J., Leonard, H., & Swedo, S. (1998). Neuropsychiatry of pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder. In E. Coffey & R. Brumback (Eds.), Textbook of pediatric neuropsychiatry (pp. 546–562). Washington, DC: American Psychological Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, J., Parker, J., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 554–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. (1987). Fears, phobias, and rituals. London: Oxford Unversity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. M., & Nesse, R. M. (1994). Fear and fitness: An evolutionary analysis of anxiety disorders. Special Issue: Mental disorders in an evolutionary context. Ethology & Sociobiology, 15(5-6), 247–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougle, C. J., Goodman, W. K., Leckman, J. F., Holzer, J. G, Barr, L. C, McCance-Katz, E., Heninger, G. R., & Price, L. H. (1993). Limited therapeutic effect of addition of buspirone in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(4), 647–649.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, P. J., Stewart, J. W., Quitkin, F. M., Wager, S., Jenkins, S. W., Archibald, D. G., Stringfellow, J. C., & Robinson, D. S. (1994). Gepirone treatment of atypical depression: Preliminary evidence of serotonergic involvement. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14(5), 347–352.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosconi, M., Chiamulera, C., & Recchia, G. (1993). New anxiolytics in development. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacological Research, 13(6), 331–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mundo, E., Bianchi, L., & Bellodi, L. (1997). Efficacy of fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and citalopram in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A single-blind study. Journal of Clinical Psychophar-macology, 17(4), 267–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S. M., Owen, R., & TyTer, P. (1989). Comparative assessment of efficacy and withdrawal symptoms after 6 and 12 weeks’ treatment with diazepam or buspirone [see comments]. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 529–534.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nemeroff, C. B., DeVane, C. L., & Pollock, B. G. (1996). Newer antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(3), 311–320.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pato, M. T., Pigott, T. A., Hill, J. L., Grover, G. N., Bernstein, S., & Murphy, D. L. (1991). Controlled comparison of buspirone and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(1), 127–129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paxton, J., & Dragunow, M. (1993). Pharmacology. In J. Werry & M. Aman (Eds.), Practitioner’s guide to psychoactive drugs for children and adolescents (pp. 34–46). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pecknold, J. C, Luthe, L., Scott-Fleury, M. H., & Jenkins, S. (1993). Gepirone and the treatment of panic disorder: An open study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13(2), 145–149.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Popper, C. W. (1993). Psychopharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders in adolescents and children. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54(Suppl.), 52–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preskorn, S. (1993). Pharmacokinetics of antidepressants: Why and how they are relevant to treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54(9 Suppl.), 14–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preskorn, S. H., & Fast, G. A. (1992). Tricyclic antidepressant-induced seizures and plasma drug concentration [see comments]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53(5), 160–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rakel, R. E. (1990). Long-term buspirone therapy for chronic anxiety: A multicenter international study to determine safety. Southern Medical Journal, 83(2), 194–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Realmuto, G. M., August, G. J., & Garfinkel, B. D. (1989). Clinical effect of buspirone in autistic children. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9(2), 122–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, S., Kutcher, S., & Gardner, D. (1992). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Clinical and related issues in pharmacological treatment. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37(6), 432–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rickels, K., Amsterdam, J. D., Clary, C., Puzzuoli, G., & Schweizer, E. (1991). Buspirone in major depression: A controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52(1), 34–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, M., Claghorn, J., Gaffney, G., Greist, J., Holland, D., Landbloom, R., McConville, B., Pigott, T., Pravetz, M., Walkup, J., Yaryura-Tobias, J., & Houser, V. (1996). A controlled trial of fluvoxamine for OCD in children and adolescents. Paper presented at the NCDEU, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, M. A., Hardin, M. T., King, R., Scahill, L., & Woolston, J. L. (1990). Fluoxetine treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette’s and obsessive compulsive disorders: Preliminary clinical experience. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(1), 45–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, M. A., Scahill, L, King, R. A., Hardin, M. T., Anderson, G. M., Ort, S. I., Smith, J. C, Leckman, J. F., & Cohen, D. J. (1992). Double-blind, crossover trial of fluoxetine and placebo in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(6), 1062–1069.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. S., Rickels, K., Feighner, J., Fabre, L. F., Jr., Gammans, R. E., Shrotriya, R. C, Alms, D. R., Andary, J. J., & Messina, M. E. (1990). Clinical effects of the 5-HT1A partial agonists in depression: A composite analysis of buspirone in the treatment of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10(3 Suppl.), 67S–76S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, R. J., Cole, J. C, & Davies, A. (1994). Antianxiety and behavioral suppressant actions of the novel 5-HT1A receptor agonist, flesinoxan. Pharmacological Biochemical Behavior, 48(4), 959–963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogeness, G., Javors, M., & Pliszka, S. (1992). Neurochemistry and child and adolescent psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(5), 765–781.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, D., Richardson, W., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, B. (1997). Evidence-based medicine. London: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sallee, R., & Greenawald, J. (1995). Neurobiology. In J. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 3–34). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., King, R. A., Hardin, M. T., Rasmusson, A., Makuch, R. W., & Leckman, J. F. (1997). Fluoxetine has no marked effect on tic symptoms in patients with Tourette’s syndrome: A double-blind placebo-controlled study [In Process Citation]. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 7(2), 75–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, J. S., Mullin, A. V., Elliott, G. R., & Steiner, H. (1989). Cardiovascular effects of desipramine in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(3), 376–379.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D. V., & Harnett-Sheehan, K. (1996). The role of SSRIs in panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57(Suppl. 10), 51–58; discussion 59-60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D. V., Raj, A. B., Harnett-Sheehan, K., Soto, S., & Knapp, E. (1993). The relative efficacy of high-dose buspirone and alprazolam in the treatment of panic disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88(1), 1–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., & Eisen, A. R. (1992). Age differences in the reliability of parent and child reports of child anxious symptomatology using a structured interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 117–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeon, J., & Ferguson, H. (1987). Alprazolam effects in children with anxiety. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 570–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeon, J. G., Ferguson, H. B., Knott, V., Roberts, N., Gauthier, B., Dubois, C., & Wiggins, D. (1992). Clinical, cognitive, and neurophysiological effects of alprazolam in children and adolescents with overanxious and avoidant disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeon, J. G., Knott, V. J., Dubois, C, & Wiggins, D. (1994). Buspirone therapy of mixed anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence: A pilot study. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharma-cology, 4(3), 159–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanislav, S. W., Fabre, T., Crismon, M. L., & Childs, A. (1994). Buspirone’s efficacy in organic-induced aggression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14(2), 126–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. J., Bouwer, C, Hawkridge, S., & Emsley, R. A. (1997). Risperidone augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(3), 119–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, P. H. (1997). Child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with citalopram: Findings from an open trial of 23 cases. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 7(3), 157–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tollefson, G. D., Rampey, A. H., Potvin, J. H., Jenike, M. A., Rush, A. J., Keminguez, R. A., Koran, L. M, Shear, M. K., Goodman, W., & Genduson, L. A. (1994). “A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder”: Correction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(11).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Baldessarini, R. J., Geller, B., Schleifer, D., Spencer, T. J., Birmaher, B., & Goldblatt, A. (1996). Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic antidepressants in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(11), 1491–1501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilens, T. E., Spencer, T., Biederman, J., Wozniak, J., & Connor, D. (1995). Combined pharmacotherapy: An emerging trend in pediatric psychopharmacology [see comments]. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(1), 110–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwier, K. J., & Rao, U. (1994). Buspirone use in an adolescent with social phobia and mixed personality disorder (cluster A type). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(7), 1007–1011.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68178, USA

    Chris Kratochvil

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Dallhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3J5, Canada

    Stan Kutcher

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada

    Sharon Reiter

  4. Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA

    John S. March

Authors
  1. Chris Kratochvil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stan Kutcher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sharon Reiter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. John S. March
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Sandra W. Russ

  2. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, Blacksburg

    Thomas H. Ollendick

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kratochvil, C., Kutcher, S., Reiter, S., March, J.S. (1999). Pharmacotherapy of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders. In: Russ, S.W., Ollendick, T.H. (eds) Handbook of Psychotherapies with Children and Families. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4755-6_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4755-6_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7156-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4755-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation