Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food Ingredients pp 237–250Cite as

Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for Food Ingredient Production

Safety Considerations

  • Chapter

Summary

An understanding of the safety concerns associated with Plant Cell and Tissue Culture (PCTC) processes will help develop sound safety assessment criteria for PCTC-derived food ingredients. Most food ingredients are mixtures of many components and in some cases contain naturally occurring toxins. Safety considerations on the use of PCTC for food ingredient production should focus not only on the effect of processing on the product of interest but also on the overall product profile, toxin level, cell line stability and production consistency. The safety of PCTC-derived food ingredients depends on all stages of manufacturing, including cell line development, process scale-up, production, and purification. This chapter discusses the potential safety concerns associated with applying various PCTC technologies at each stage of production.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aird, E. L. H.; Hamill, J. D.; Robins, R. J.; Rhodes, M. J. C. Chromosome stability in transformed hairy root cultures and the properties of variant lines of Nicotiana rustica hairy roots. In Manipulating Secondary Metabolism in Culture; Robins, R. J., Rhode, J. C., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K., 1988; pp137–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfermann, A. W.; Schuller, L.; Reinhard, E. Biotransformation of cardiac glycosides by immobilized cells of Digitalis Janata. Planta Medica 1980, 40, 218–223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambros, P. F.; Matzke, A. J. M.; Matzke, M. A. Localization of Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA in plant chromosomes by in situ hybridization. EMBO J. 1986, 5,2073–2077.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asada, M.; Shuler, M. L. Stimulation of ajmalicine production and excretion from Catharanthus roseus: effects of adsorption in situ, elicitors and alginate immobilization. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1989, 30, 475–481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bao, P. H.; Granata, S.; Castiglione, S.; Wang, G.; Giordani, C.; Cuzzoni, E.; Damiani, G.; Bandi, C.; Datta, S. K.; Datta, K.; Potrykus, I.; Callegarin, A.; Sala, F. Evidence for genomic changes in transgenic rice (Oryza saliva L.) recovered from protoplasts. Transgenic Research 1996, 5, 97–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H.; Chavadej, S.; Thies, P. W.; Finner, E. The structure of new valepotriates from tissue cultures of Valeriana wallichii. Planta Medica 1984, 50, 245–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berlin, J.; Fecker, L.; Herminghaus, S.; Rügenhagen, C. Genetic modification of plant secondary metabolism: alteration of product levels by overexpression of amino acid decarboxylases. In Advances in Plant Biotechnology; Ryu, D. D. Y, Furusake, S., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1994; pp 57–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlin, J.; Sasse, F. Selection and screening techniques for plant cell cultures. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 1985, 31, 99–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bricout, J.; Garcia-Rodriguez, M. J.; Paupardin, C. Saussay, R. Biosynthése de composés monoterpéniques par les tissus de quelques espéces de menthes cultivées in vitro. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser D, 1978, 287, 611–613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodelius, P.; Nilsson, K. Entrapment of plant cells in different matrices. FEBS Lett. 1980, 122, 312–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodelius, P.; Mercke, P.; Llanius, L. Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism: a tool to improve the productivity of plant cell cultures. Abstract of Papers, 2l3`h National meeting of the American Chemical Society, San Francisco, CA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997; AFDG 026.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buitelaar, R. M.; Langenhoff, A. M.; Heidstra, R.; Tramper, J. Growth and thiophene production by hairy root cultures of Tagetes patula in various two-liquid-phase bioreactors. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1991, 13, 487–494.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, D. N.; Connolly, J. D.; An investigation of factors which influence the production of abnormal terpenoids by callus cultures of Andrographis paniculata Nees. J. Exp. Bot. 1971, 22, 314–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, M. C.; Koplow, J.; David, C.; Tempé, J.; Chilton, M-D. Structure of T-DNA in roots transformed by Agro-bacterium rhizogenes. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1983, 2, 201–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carew, D. P.; Staba, E. J. Plant tissue culture: its fundamentals, application and relationship to medicinal plant studies.Lloydia 1965, 28, 1–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaleff, R. S. Isolation of agronomically useful mutants from plant cell cultures. Science 1983 219, 676–682. Chappell, J. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1995, 46, 521–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlwood, B. V.; Moustou, C.; Essential oil accumulation in shoot-proliferation cultures of Pelargonium spp. In Manipulating Secondary Metabolism in Culture; Robins, R. J. Rhode, J. C., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K., 1988; pp187–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin, H. A.; Watts, M. Flavor production in culture. In Handbook of Plant Cell Culture; Evans, D. A., Sharp, W. R., Ammirato, P. V., Yamada, Y., Eds.; Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York, NY, 1984; Vol. 1, Chapter 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cony, J. P.; Reed, W. L.; Curtis, W. R. Enhanced recovery of solavetivone from Agrobacterium transformed root cultures of Hyoscyamus muticus using integrated product extraction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993, 42, 503–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demeke, T.; Lynch, D. R.; Kawchuk, L. M.; Kozub, G. C.; Armstrong, J. D. Genetic diversity of potato determined by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.Plant Cell Reports 1996,15, 662–667.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deus-Neumann, B.; Zenk, M. H. Instability of indole alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures. Planta Medica 1984, 50, 427–431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiCosmo, F.; Misawa, M. Eliciting secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures. Trends in Biotechnology 1985, 3, 318–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dömenburg, H.; Knorr, D. Elicitation of chitinases and anthraquinones in Morinda citrifolia cell cultures. Food Biotechnology 1994, 8, 57–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dömenburg, H.; Knorr, D. Generation of colors and flavors in plant cell and tissue cultures. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 1996, 15, 141–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougall, D. K.; Johnson, J. M.; Whitten, G. H. A clonal analysis of anthocyanin accumulation by cell cultures of wild carrot. Planta 1980, 149, 292–297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endo, T.; Yamada, Y. Alkaloid production in cultured roots of 3 species of Duboisia. Phytochemistry 1985, 24, 1233–1236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Facchini, P. J.; DiCosmo, F. Secondary metabolite biosynthesis in cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus (L.)G.Don immobilized by adhesion to glass fibers. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1991, 35, 382–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO. Biotechnology and Food Safety Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Consultation, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 61, Rome, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, K., Marks, M.; Christianson, M.; Quatrano, R. A dwarf mutant of Arabidopsis generated by T-DNA insertion mutagenesis. Science 1989, 243, 1351–1354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finnegan, J.; McElroy, D. Transgene inactivation: plants fight back. Bio/Technology 1994,12, 883–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, H.E.; Hoy, M. W.; Pickard, J. J. Secondary metabolites from root cultures. Trends in Biotechnology 1987, 5, 64–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Funk, C; Brodelius, P. Influence of growth regulators and an elicitor on phenylpropanoid metabolism in suspension cultures of Vanilla planifolia Phytochemistry 1990, 29, 845–848.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gavazzi, G.; Tonelli, C; Todesco, G.; Arreghini, E.; Raffaldi, F.; Vecchio, F.; Barbuzzi, G.; Biasini, M. G.; Sala, F. Somaclonal variation versus chemically induced mutagenesis in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Theo?: Appl. Genet. 1987, 74, 733–738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goddijn, O. J.; Pennings, E. J.; van der Helm, P.; Schilperoort, R. A.; Verpoorte, R.; Hoge, J. H. Overexpression of a tryptophan decarboxylase cDNA in Catharanthus roseus crown gall callus results in increased tryptamine level but not in increased terpenoid indole alkaloid production. Transgenic Res. 1995, 4, 315–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, A. R. Factors controlling generation of variability in vitro. In Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants; Vasil, I. K., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, NY, 1986; Vol.3, Chapter 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. D.; Yeoman, M. M. Intercellular and intercultural heterogeneity in secondary metabolite accumulation in cultures of Catharanthus roseus following cell line selection. J. Exp. Bot. 1987, 38, 1391–1398.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hänisch ten Cate, C.; Ramulu, K. S.; Dijkhuis, P; de Groot, B. Genetic stability of cultured hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes on tuber discs of potato cv. Bintje. Plant Science 1987 49, 217–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, T.; Yamada, Y. Scopolamine production in suspension cultures and redifferentiated roots of Hyoscya mus niger. Planta Medica 1983 47, 195–199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, T.; Yamada, Y. Alkaloid biogenesis: molecular aspects. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1994, 45,257–285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamill, J. D.; Robins, R. J.; Parr, A. J.; Evans, D. M.; Furze, J. M.; Rhodes, M. J. C. Over xpressing a yeast ornithine decarboxylase gene in transgenic roots of Nicotiana rustica can lead to enhanced nicotine accumulation. Plant Mol. Bio. 1990, 15, 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jalal, M. A. F.; Collin, H. A. Polyphenols of mature plant, seedling and tissue cultures of Theobroma Cacao. Phytochemistry 1977, 16, 1377–1380.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. S.; Ravishankar, G. A.; Venkataraman, L. V. Elicitation of capsaicin production in freely suspended cells and immobilized cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens Mill. Food Biotechnology 1991, 5, 197–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karp, A.; Seberg, O.; Buiatti, M. Molecular techniques in the assessment of botanical diversity. Annals of Botany 1996, 78, 143–149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knuth, M. E. International Patent #W08900820,1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koncz, C.; Martini, N.; Mayerhofer, R.; Koncz-Kalman, Z.; Körber, H.; Redei, G.; Schell, J. High-frequency TDNA-mediated gene tagging in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 86, 8467–8471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knopp, E.; Strauss, A.; Wehrli, A. Root induction on several Solanaceae species by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and the determination of root tropane alkaloid content. Plant Cell Reports 1988, 7, 590–593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurata, H.; Furusake, S. Immobilized Coffea arabica cell culture using a bubble-column reactor with controlled light intensity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993, 42, 494–502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, P. J.; Scowcroft, W. R., Somaclonal variation-a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1981, 60, 197–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, K; Yeoman, M. M. The synthetic potential of immobilized cells of Capsicum frutescens Mill. cv. annuum. Planta 1984, 162, 495–501.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mano, Y.; Nabeshima, S. Matsui, C.; Ohkawa, H.; Production of tropane alkaloids by hairy root cultures of Scopolia japonica. Agri. Biol. Chem. 1986 50, 2715–2722.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mano, Y.; Ohkawa, H.; Yamada, Y. Production of tropane alkaloids by hairy root cultures of Duloisia leichhardtii transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Plant Science 1989, 59, 191–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, T.; Tanaka, N.; Production of phytoecdysteroids by hairy root cultures of Ajuga reptans var. atropurpurea. Agri. Biol. Chem. 1991 55, 1019–1025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minami, E; Kuchitsu, K.; He, D. Y.; Kouchi, H.; Midoh, N.; Ohtsuki, Y.; Shibuya, N. two novel genes rapidly and transiently activated in suspension-cultured rice cells by treatment with N-actylchitoheptaose, a biotic elicitor for phytoalexin production. Plant Cell Physiol. 1996, 37, 563–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miura, Y.; Hirata, K.; Kurano, N.; Miyamoto, K.; Uchida, K. Formation of vinblastine in multiple shoot culture of Catharanthus roseus. Planta Med. 1988, 54, 18–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misawa, M. Production of useful plant metabolites. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 1985, 31, 59–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, P. R. H.; Poulsen, C.; van der Heijden, R.; Verpoorte, R. Effects of elicitation on different metabolic pathways in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don cell suspension cultures. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 1996, 18, 99–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima, H.; Sonomoto, K.; Usui, N.; Sato, F.; Yamada, Y.; Tanaka, A.; Fukui, S. Entrapment of Lavandula vera cells and production of pigments by entrapped cells. J. Biotechnol. 1985, 2, 107–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima, H.; Sonomoto, K.; Sato, F.; Yamada, Y.; Tanaka, A. Immobilized plant cell reactor for continuous production of blue pigments. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1989, 53,3077–3078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni, W.; Fahrendorf, T.; Ballance, G. M.; Lamb, C. J.; Dixon, R. A. Stress responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). XX. Transcriptional activation of phenylpropanoid pathway genes in elicitor-induced cell suspension cultures. Plant Molecular Biology 1996, 30, 427–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OECD, Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived by Modem Biotechnology: Concepts and Principles; OECD: Paris, France, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parr, A.; Hamill, J. D. Relationship between Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed hairy roots and Intact, uninfected Nicotiana plants. Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 3241–3245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, G.; Bringi, V.; Prince, C.; Shuler, M. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture in Liquid Systems. Hanser Publishers: New York, NY, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redenbaugh, K; Hiatt, W.; Martineau, B.; Kramer, M; Sheehy, R.; Sanders, R.; Houck, C.; Emlay, D. Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the FLAVR SAVRTm Tomato. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roja, P. C.; Sipahimalani, A. T.; Heble, M. R.; Chadha, M. S. Multiple shoot cultures of Rauvolfia serpentina: growth and alkaloid production. Journal of Natural Products 1987, 50, 872–875.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rus-Kortekaas, W.; Smulders, M. J. M.; Arens, P.; Vosman, B. Direct comparison of levels of genetic variation in tomato detected by a GACA-containing microsatellite probe and by random amplified polymorphic DNA. Genome 1994, 37, 375–381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahai, O. Plant tissue culture. In Bioprocess Production of Flavor, Fragrance,and Color Ingredients; Gabelman, A. Ed.; Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, 1994; Chapter 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlatmann, J. E.; Nuutila, A. M.; van Gulik, W. M.; ten Hoopen, H. J. G.; Verpoorte, R.; Heijnen, J. J. Scale-up of ajmalicine production by plant cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993, 41, 254–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scragg, A. H.; Morris, P.; Allan, E. J.; Bond, P.; Fowler, M. W. Effect of scale-up on serpentine formation by Catharanthus roseus suspension cultures. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1987, 9, 619–624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selby, C.; Collin, H. A. Clonal variation in growth and flavor production in tissue cultures of Allium cepa L. Ann. Bot. 1976, 40, 911–918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuler, M. L.; Hirasuna, T. J.; Prince, C. L.; Bringi, V. Bioreactor considerations for producing flavors and pigments from plant tissue culture. In Biotechnology and Food Process Engineering; Schwartzberg, H. G., Rao, M. A., Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, 1990; Chapter 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer A.; Hamill, J. D.; Rhodes, M. J. C. Production of terpenes by differentiated shoot cultures of Mentha citrata transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens T37. Plant Cell Reports 1990,8, 601–604.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, A. The manufacture of food ingredients using plant cell and tissue cultures. Trends in Food Science and Technology 11,1991, 116–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, W. W. Bioprocessing technology for plant cell suspension cultures. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 1995, 50, 189–230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, Y.; Sugimura, Y.; Yamada, Y. Effects of culture conditions on bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid production in cultured roots of Stephania cepharantha. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1988, 52, 1495–1498.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taya, M.; Mine, K.; Kino-oka, M.; Tone, S.; Ichi, T. Production and release of pigments by culture of transformed hairy root of red beet. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 1992, 73, 31–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamponnet, C.; Costantino, F.; Barbotin, J-N.; Calvayrac, R. Cytological and physiological behavior of Euglena gracillis cells entrapped in a calcium alginate gel. Physiol. Plant 1985, 63, 277–283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U. S. FDA. Statement of policy: foods derived from new plant varieties. Federal Register 1992, 57, 22983–23005.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Bulk, R. W.; Löftler, H. J. M.; Lindhout, W. H.; Koornneef, M. Somaclonal variation in tomato: effect of explant source and a comparison with chemical mutagenesis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1990, 80, 817–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Maas, H. M.; de Jong, E. R.; Rueb, S.; Hensgens, L. A. M.; Krens, F. A. Stable transformation and longterm expression of the gusA reporter gene in callus lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Plant Molecular Biology 1994, 24, 401–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilaine, F.; Casse-Delbart, F. Independent indication of transformed roots by the TL and TR regions of the Ri plasmid of agropine type Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1987, 206,17–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walbot, V. and Cullis, C. A. Rapid genomic change in higher plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1985, 36, 367–396.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. Essential oils. In Food Flavorings, Second Edition; Ashurst, P. R., Ed.; Blackie Academic and Professional: Glasgow, UK, 1995; Chapter 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zambryski, R Basic processes underlying Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer to plant cells. Ann. Rev. Genet. 1988, 22,1–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Center for Food Safety and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 South Archer Road, Summit-Argo, Illinois, 60501, USA

    Tong-Jen Fu

Authors
  1. Tong-Jen Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Summit-Argo, Illinois, USA

    Tong-Jen Fu

  2. Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

    Gurmeet Singh

  3. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

    Wayne R. Curtis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fu, TJ. (1999). Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for Food Ingredient Production. In: Fu, TJ., Singh, G., Curtis, W.R. (eds) Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food Ingredients. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4753-2_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4753-2_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7155-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4753-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation