Abstract
While the extent of wetlands in presettlement United States is difficult to determine, the wetlands in the coterminous United States are estimated to have decreased from approximately 60 to 75 million hectares then to about 42 million hectares today (OTA, 1984; Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986). In Midwestern states such as Ohio and Illinois, over 90 percent of the wetlands were drained, partially in response to The Swamp Lands Acts of 1849, 1850, and 1860. The riparian and coastal wetlands of the Midwestern States, which once were connected to all the streams, rivers, and Great Lakes of the glaciated midwestern United States, are almost completely gone from the landscape. With their loss, rivers, streams, and lakes have lost their buffer from upland regions. In 1987, a National Wetlands Policy Forum was convened by the Conservation Foundation at the request of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to investigate the issue of wetland loss in the United States (NWPF, 1988; Davis, 1989). This distinguished group of 20 members, which included three governors, a state legislator, state and local agency heads, chief executive officers of environmental groups and businesses, farmers, ranchers, and academic experts, published a report (NWPF, 1988) which set significant goals for the nation’ing wetlands. The Forum recommended a policy:
… to achieve no overall net loss of the nation’s remaining wetlands base and to restore and create wetlands, where feasible, to increase the quantity and quality of the nation’s wetland resource base (NWPF, 1988).
Paper presented at International Symposium on Ecological Indicators, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, October 15–19, 1990.
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Mitsch, W.J. (1992). Ecological Indicators for Ecological Engineering in Wetlands. In: McKenzie, D.H., Hyatt, D.E., McDonald, V.J. (eds) Ecological Indicators. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4659-7_30
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