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Toxicology, Carcinogenicity, and Pharmacology of Scandium and Yttrium

  • Chapter
Biochemistry of Scandium and Yttrium, Part 2: Biochemistry and Applications

Part of the book series: Biochemistry of the Elements ((BOTE,volume 13B))

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Abstract

Scandium and yttrium, like all other ions, complexes, or compounds, are toxic in excess. These and other elements of group IIIA are hard metals that bind weakly to organic ligands and may compete for the binding sites of some other elements. Mechanisms of metal toxicity may include enzyme inhibition, indirect effects (i.e., binding to cofactors, vitamins and substrates), substitution for essential metals, and metal imbalance (Pounds, 1985) and may involve as well such issues as cation and anion antagonism, biphasic response, binding reactions of living cells, and selective toxicity (Albert, 1985). Isolated data exist about the likely effects of scandium, yttrium, and numerous other TE on the immune system (Bendich and Chandra, 1990), alterations of gene expression (Heflich, 1991), and mutagenic or teratogenic effects (Gebhart and Rossman, 1991).

What is food to one may be a fierce poison to another

Lucretius, 95–35 B.C.

Why should we fear to being crushed by savage elements, we who are made of the same elements?

Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Conduct of Life, 1860

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    Chaim T. Horovitz

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Horovitz, C.T. (2000). Toxicology, Carcinogenicity, and Pharmacology of Scandium and Yttrium. In: Biochemistry of Scandium and Yttrium, Part 2: Biochemistry and Applications. Biochemistry of the Elements, vol 13B. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4311-4_3

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