Abstract
The concentrations of metal ions in biological systems are selectively controlled by their charge, size, and hard or soft ligand preference in cell metabolism. The uptake pathways of calcium, iron, and a few other metals have been investigated in much detail, but little is known about most other metal ions (Lippard and Berg, 1994). Because of their physical and chemical properties, the biochemical effects of scandium and, in particular, yttrium have been compared with those of the Ln. Attention has been focused on their ability to mimic and interfere with the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, and other essential elements.
Quite simple, in central biochemestry, everything depends on everything. Many thing have to be before a machine, built long the lines of modern organisms, can start to work at all.
A.G. Cairns-Smith, 1982
I am grateful to Professor Forrest H. Neilsen for his suggestions and improvements to this chapter.
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Horovitz, C.T. (2000). Biochemistry and Physiology of Scandium and Yttrium. In: Biochemistry of Scandium and Yttrium, Part 2: Biochemistry and Applications. Biochemistry of the Elements, vol 13B. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4311-4_2
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