Abstract
Present-day accumulation of woody bark reaches 5.6 million tons per year in Japan. The distribution of its utilization is shown in figure 1. Taking into account that about 75 percent of the bark goes to fuel and waste matter, it can be said that bark is not effectively utilized. Furthermore, it is regarded as a troublesome product in the lumber industry. However, bark is without question a very important tissue for the protection of a tree from external invasions by wood-rotting fungi or insects, and polyphenols (proanthocyanidins) contained in the bark are believed to play an important role in these defensive actions.1 This is based on the properties of phenols that denature proteins or inhibit enzymes. We attempted to examine how to effectively utilize bark by considering these characteristics of the polyphenols.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Scalbert, A.; Haslam, E. Polyphenols and chemical defense of the leaves of Quercus robur. Phytochemistry:3191 (1987).
Sakanaka, S. Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols on glucan synthesis and cellular adherence of cariogenic streptococci. Agric. Biol. Chem.: 2925 (1990).
Wu-yuan, C.D.; Chen, C.Y.; Wu, R.T. Gallotannins inhibit growth, water-insoluble glucan synthesis, and aggregation of mutans streptococci. J. Dent. Res.: 51 (1988).
Ooshima, T.; Minami, T.; Hamada, S. Oolong tea polyphenols inhibit experimental dental caries in SPF rats infected with mutans streptococci. Caries Res.:124 (1993).
Koga, T.; Okahashi, N.; Asakawa, H.; Hamada, S. Adherence of Streptococcus mutans to tooth surfaces. In: Hamada, S.; Michalek, S.M.; Kiyono, H.; Menaker, L.; McGhee, J.R. (eds.) Molecular microbiology and immunobiology of Streptococcus mutans. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 111–120 (1986).
Koga, K.; Nakahara, K.; Ono, H. Anti-caries activity of catechin oligomer synthesized by peroxidase. Foods and Food Ingredients Journal:62 (1993).
Hemingway, R.W.; Karchesy, J.J.; McGraw, G.W.; Wielesek, R.A. Heterogeneity of interflavanoid bond location in loblolly pine bark procyanidins. Phytochemistry:275 (1983).
Sakanaka, S.; Kim, M.; Taniguchi, M.; Yamamoto, T. Antibacterial substances in Japanese tea extract against Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacterium. Agric. Biol. Chem.:2307 (1989).
Nakahara, K.; Kawabata, S.; Ono, H.; Ogura, K.; Tanaka, T.; Ooshima, T.; Hamada, S. Inhibitory effect of oolong tea polyphenols on glucosyltransferases of mutans streptococci. Applied and Environmental Microbiology:968 (1993).
Hamada, S.; Kontani, M.; Hosono, H.; Ono, H.; Tanaka, T.; Ooshima, T.; Mitsunaga, T.; Abe, I. Peroxidase-catalyzed generation of catechin oligomers that inhibit glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus sobrinus. FEMS Microbiology Letters:35 (1996).
Kakiuchi, N.; Hattori, M.; Nishizawa, M. Inhibitory effect of various tannins on glucan synthesis by glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans. Chem. Pharm. Bull.:720 (1986).
Swain, T.; Hillis, W.E. The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica. J. Sci. Food Agric.:63 (1959).
Broadhust, R.B.; Jones, W.T. Analysis of condensed tannins using acidified vanillin. J. Sci. Food Agric.:788 (1978).
Mitsunaga, T.; Doi, T.; Kondo, Y.; Abe, I. Color development of proanthocyanidins in vanillinhydrochloric acid reaction. J. Wood Sci.:125 (1998).
Samejima, M.; Yoshimoto, T. General aspects of phenolic extractives from coniferous barks. Mokuzai Gakkaishi:491 (1981).
Funaoka, M., Abe, I. Degradation of protolignin by the nuclear-exchange method. Mokuzai Gakkaishi:671 (1985).
Abe, I.; Funaoka, M.; Kodama, M. Approaches by the phenyl nucleus-exchange method. Mokuzai Gakkaishi:582 (1987).
Bate-Smith, E.C. Phytochemistry of proanthocyanidins. Phytochemistry:1107 (1975).
Brown B.R.; Shaw M.R. Reactions of flavanoids and condensed tannins with sulphur nucleophiles. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1:2036 (1974).
Karchesy, J.J.; Hemingway, R.W. Loblolly pine bark polyflavanoids. J. Agric. Food. Chem.:222 (1980).
Nonaka, G.; Hsu, F.; Nishioka, I. Structures of dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric procyanidins from Areca catechu L. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.:781 (1981).
Betts, M.J.; Brown, B.R.; Shaw, M.R. Reaction of flavonoids with mercaptoacetic acid. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.:1178 (1969).
Fletcher, A.C.; Porter, L.J.; Haslam, E.; Gupta, R.K. Plant procyanidins. Part 3._Conformational and configurational studies of natural procyanidins. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I:1628 (1977).
Mitsunaga, T.; Abe, I. The phenolation of monomeric compound of condensed tannin by Lewis-Acid catalyst. Mokuzai Gakkaishi:585 (1992).
Mitsunaga, T.; Abe, I.; Nogami, T. The formation of ring-opened compound from (+)-catechin by BF3 catalyst. Mokuzai Gakkaishi:328 (1993).
Mitsunaga, T.; Abe, I.; Ohara, S. The chemical structure and stereochemistry of phenol adduct compound derived from (+)-catechin upon phenolation. Mokuzai Gakkaishi:100 (1994).
Ohara, S.; Suzuki, K.; Ohira, T. Condensed tannins from Acacia mearnsii and their biological activities. Mokuzai Gakkaishi:1363 (1994).
Samejima, M.; Yoshimoto, T. Systematic studies on the stereochemical composition of proanthocyanidins from coniferous bark. Mokuzai Gakkaishi:67 (1982).
Mitsunaga, T.; Yoshida, A.; Abe, I. Analysis on the pyran-ring of the condensed tannins by the nucleus exchange reaction. Mokuzai Gakkaishi:193 (1995).
Haslam, E. Polyphenol-protein interactions. Biochem. J.:285 (1974).
Asano, K.; Ohtsu, K.; Shinagawa, K. Affinity of proanthocyanidins and their oxidation products for haze-forming proteins of beer and the formation of chill haze. Agric. Biol. Chem.:1139 (1984).
Asano, K.; Hashimoto, N. Characterization of haze-forming proteins of beer and their roles in chill haze formation. J. Am. Soc. Brewing Chemists:147 (1982).
Siebert, K.J.; Troukhanova, N.V.; Lynn, P.Y. Nature of polyphenol-protein interaction. J. Agric Food Chem.:80 (1996).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mitsunaga, T. (1999). Anti-caries Activity of Bark Proanthocyanidins. In: Gross, G.G., Hemingway, R.W., Yoshida, T., Branham, S.J. (eds) Plant Polyphenols 2. Basic Life Sciences, vol 66. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4139-4_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4139-4_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46218-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4139-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive