Abstract
The immune response has evolved different mechanisms of protection against intracellular and extracellular pathogens. The latter are controlled by antibody, which neutralises bacterial toxins and viruses and opsonises bacteria to facilitate their engulfment by phagocytes. Intracellular pathogens can also be attacked by antibody, but this must be of an isotype that can mediate the killing of infected cells by complement-dependent lysis or by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In addition, cell-mediated immunity (CMI) can contribute to protection against intracellular pathogens. This can take the form of CD4-positive T lymphocytes which secrete interferon gamma (IFN-ganma) which activates macrophages to destroy pathogens resident within them, such as mycobacteria or leishmania; or CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes which directly lyse infected cells.
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Bomford, R., Stapleton, M., Winsor, S. (1991). Immunomodulation by Adjuvants. In: Gregoriadis, G., Allison, A.C., Poste, G. (eds) Vaccines. NATO ASI Series, vol 215. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6_4
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