Abstract
In recent years, there has been remarkable growth in the number of psychologists in medical settings and in their contribution to research, teaching, and the clinical care of patients (Thompson, 1987). In 30 years, the percentage of members of the American Psychological Association (APA) who are identified as medical school faculty increased fivefold (Clayson & Mensh, 1987; Pion & Bramblett, 1985). Approximately 3,000 psychologists in North America are currently employed in medical schools (Clayson & Mensh, 1987), and more than 7,000 are employed in hospitals and clinics (National Science Foundation, 1988). The number of psychologists newly employed in medical schools increased from an average of 46 yearly in the mid 1950s to 130 during 1.968-1976 (Gentry, Street, Masur, & Asken, 1981). Growth during the 1980s, though not yet documented, appears to have been even greater.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Altman, I. (1987). Centripetal and centrifugal trends in psychology. American Psychologist, 42, 1058–1069.
American Academy of Pediatrics. (1978). The Task Force on Pediatric Education.
American Psychological Association. (1987a). Model act for state licensure of psychologists. American Psychologist, 42, 696–703.
American Psychological Association. (1987b). Resolutions approved by the National Conference on Graduate Education in Psychology. American Psychologist. 42, 1070–1084.
Andrykowski, M. A., Redd, W. H., & Hatfield, A. K. (1985). Development of anticipatory nausea: A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,53, 447–454.
Austad, C.S., DeStefano, L., & Kisch, J. (1988). The health maintenance organization: 2. Implications for psychotherapy Psychotherapy,25, 449–454.
Bickman, L. (1987). Graduate education in psychology. American Psychologist, 42(12), 1041–1047.
Budman, S. H., Demby, A., & Feldstein, M. L. (1984). Insight into reduced use of medical services after psychotherapy. Professional Psychology, 15, 353–361
Carr, J. E. (1987). Federal impact on psychology in medical schools. American Psychologist, 42, 869–872.
Clayson, D., & Mensh, I. N. (1987). Psychologists in medical schools: The trials of emerging political activism. American Psychologist, 42, 859–862.
Collins, F. L., Epstein, L. H., Sr Gil, K. M. (1982). Behavioral factors in the etiology and treatment of myopia. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 13). New York: Academic Press.
Cox, D. J., & Hobbs, W. (1982). Biofeedback as a treatment for tension headaches. In L. White & B. Tursky (Eds.), Clinical biofeedback efficacy and mechanisms. New York: Guilford Press.
Cox, D. J., & Thomas, D. (1981). Relationship between headaches and depression. Headaches, 21, 261–263.
Dana, R. H., & May, W. T (1986). Health care megatrends and health psychology. Professional Psychology, 17, 251–255.
Drotar, D. (1988). Failure to thrive. In D. Routh (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric psychology (pp. 71–107). New York: Guilford Press.
Duff, R. S., Rowe, D. S., & Anderson, E P. (1972). Patient care and student learning in a pediatric clinic. Pediatrics, 50, 839–846.
Elfant, A. B. (1985). Psychotherapy and assessment in hospital settings: ideological and professional conflicts. Professional Psychology, 16, 55–63.
Elliott, C. H., & Olson, R. A. (1983). The management of children’s distress in response to painful medical treatment for burn injuries. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 675–683.
Evans, R. I. (1984). A social inoculation strategy to deter smoking in adolescents. In J. D. Matarazzo, S. M. Weiss, J. A. Herd, & N. E. Miller (Eds.), Behavioral health: A handbook of health enhancement and disease prevention (pp. 765–774). New York: J. Wiley.
Follette, W. T., & Cummings, N. A. (1967). Psychiatric services and medical utilization in a prepaid health plan setting. Medical Care, 5, 25–35.
Fox, R. E. (1979). Response in models, modes, and standards of professional training. American Psychologist, 34, 339–349.
Fox, R. E., Barclay, A. G., & Rodgers, D. A. (1982). The foundation of professional psychology. American Psychologist, 37, 306–312.
Geer, J. H., & Messe, M. (1982). Sexual dysfunction. In R. J. Gatchel, A. Baum, & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Behavioral medicine and clinical psychology: Overlapping areas. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gentry, W. D., Street, W. J., Masur, E. T, & Asken, M. S. (1981). Training in medical psychology: A survey of graduate and internship training programs. Professional Psychology, 12, 224–228.
Hatch, J. P., Gatchel, R. J., & Harrington, R. (1982). Biofeedback: Clinical applications in medicine. In R. J. Gatchel, A. Baum, & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Behavioral medicine and clinical psychology: Overlapping areas. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hegel, M. T., Ayllon, T, VanderPlate, C., & Spiro-Hawkins, H. (1986). A behavioral procedure for increasing compliance with self-exercise regimens in severely burn-injured patients. Behavior, Research and Therapy, 24, 521–528.
Herbsleb, J. D., Sales, B. D., & Overcast, T. D. (1985). Challenging licensure and certification. American Psychologist, 40, 1165–1178.
Howard, A., Pion, G. M., Gottfredson, G. D., Flattau, P. E., 614 PART VII • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Oskamp, S., Pfafflin, S. M., Bray, D. W, & Burstein, A. G. (1986). The changing face of American psychology. American Psychologist, 41, 1311–1327.
Koocher, G. P. (1979). Credentialing in psychology. American Psychologist, 34, 696–702.
Liese, B. S. (1986). Physicians’ perceptions of the role of psychology in medicine. Professional Psychology, 17, 276–277.
Matarazzo, J. D. (1977). Higher education, professional accreditation, and licensure. American Psychologist, 32, 856–859.
Matarazzo, J. D. (1982). Behavioral health’s challenge to academic, scientific and professional psychology. American Psychologist, 37, 1–14.
Matarazzo, J. D., Lubin, B. L., & Nathan, R. G. (1978). Psychologists’ membership on the medical staffs of university teaching hospitals. American Psychologist, 33, 23–29.
McConnell, S. C. (1984). Doctor of psychology degree: From hibernation to reality. Professional Psychology, 15, 362–370.
Mulhern, R. K., Wasserman, A., Friedman, A. G., & Fair-dough, D. (1989). Social competence and behavioral adjustment of children who are long-term survivors of cancer. Pediatrics,83, 18–25.
Mumford, E., Schlesinger, H. J. & Glass, G. V. (1981). Mental health treatment and medical care utilization in feefor-service system: Outpatient mental health treatment following the onset of a chronic disease. American Journal of Public Health, 73, 422–429.
Nathan, R. G., Lubin, B., Matarazzo, J. D., & Persely, G. W. (1979). Psychologists in schools of medicine: 1954, 1964, and 1977. American Psychologist, 34, 622–627.
Nathan, R. G., Lubin, B., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1981). Salaries and satisfactions of medical school psychologists. Professional Psychology, 12, 420–423.
National Science Foundation. (1988). Profiles of psychology: Human resources and funding. (NSF 88–325). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Norwood, W. M. F. (1970). Medical education in the United States before 1900. In C. D. O’Malley (Ed.), The history of medical education (pp. 463–500). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Olson, R. A., Holden, E. W, Friedman, A. G., Faust, J., Kenning, M., & Mason, P (1988). Psychological consultation in a children’s hospital: An evaluation of services. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 13, 479–492.
Pelosi, N. (1988). AIDS and public policy: A legislative view American Psychologist, 43, 843–845.
Peterson, D. R. (1985). Twenty years of practitioner training in psychology. American Psychologist, 40, 441–451.
Pion, G., & Bramblett, P (1985). Salaries in psychology, 1985: Report of the 1985 APA salary survey. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Regier, D. A., Goldberg, I. D., & Taube, C. A. (1978). The de facto U.S. mental health services system. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 685–693.
Rosen, B. M., Locke, B. Z., Goldberg, I. D., & Babigian, H. M. (1972). Identification of emotional disturbance in patients seen in general medical clinics. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 23, 364–370.
Rosen, J. C., & Wiens, A. N. (1979). Changes in medical problems and use of medical services following psychological intervention. American Psychologist, 34 420–431.
Shapiro, A. P, Schwartz, G. E., Ferguson, D. C. E., Redmond, D. P., & Weiss, S. M. (1977). Behavioral methods in the treatment of hypertension: A review of their clinical status. Annals of Internal Medicine, 86, 626–636.
Shapiro, S., Skinner, E. A., Kessler, L. G., Von Korff, M., German, P. S., Tischler, G. L., Leaf, P J., Benham, L., Cottler, L., & Regier, D. A. (1984). Utilization of health and mental health services. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 971–978.
Silver, R. J. (1987). New York State: A case study in organiz-ing psychology. American Psychologist, 42, 863–865.
Stabler, B., & Mesibov, G. B. (1984). Role functions of pediatric and health psychologists in health care settings. Professional Psychology, 15, 142–151.
Thelen, M. H., & Rodriguez, M. D. (1987). Attitudes of academic and applied clinical psychologists toward training issues: 1969–1984. American Psychologist, 42, 412–415.
Thompson, R. J. (1987). Psychologists in medical schools. American Psychologist, 42, 866–868.
Thompson, R. J., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1984). Psychology in United States medical schools: 1983. American Psychologist, 39, 988–995.
Uyeda, A. K., & Moldawsky, S. (1986). Prospective payment and psychological services. American Psychologist, 41, 60–63.
Walker, C. E., Milling, L. S., & Bonner, B. L. (1988). Incontinence disorders: Enuresis and encopresis. In D. Routh (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric psychology (pp. 363–397). New York: Guilford Press.
Wright, L. (1973). Aversive conditioning of self-induced seizures. Behavior Therapy, 4, 712–713.
Wright, L. (1986). The changing face of clinical psychology: Impact of service delivery changes. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 841–844.
Wright, L., & Burns, B. J. (1986). Primary mental health care: A “find” for psychology. Professional Psychology, 17, 560–564.
Wright, L., Nunnery, A., Eichel, B., & Scott, R. (1969). Application of conditioning principles to problems of tracheostomy addiction in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 603–606.
Wright, L., Schaefer, A. B., & Solomon, G. (1979). Encyclopedia of pediatric psychology. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Zaro, J. S., Batchelor, W. E, Ginsberg, M. R., & Pallak, M. S. (1982). Psychology and the JCAH. American Psychologist, 37, 1342–1349.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wright, L., Friedman, A.G. (1991). Challenge of the Future. In: Sweet, J.J., Rozensky, R.H., Tovian, S.M. (eds) Handbook of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3792-2_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3792-2_32
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6690-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3792-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive