Abstract
In normal breast development, two major pathways for cell growth regulation act in parallel. One is the positive pathway, generally believed to involve growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-a), insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), fibroblast growth factors (FGF) [1], and possibly platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) [2]. The other is the negative pathway involving agents such as members of the transforming growth factor beta family (TGF-b1, -b2, and -b3) [3], a putative c-erbB2 ligand [4], mammostatin [5], and products of the retinoblastoma (Rb) [6] and p53 antioncogenes [7]. Both of these pathways are influenced both positively and negatively by the classical hormones such as estrogen (E), progesterone (P), and prolactin (Prl). These same hormones and growth factors are also intertwined in their action in the development and promotion of breast cancer (Fig 1). Increased response to, or overexpression of, positive factors and/or loss of response to, or decreased expression of, negative factors contribute to tumor development.
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Vonderhaar, B.K., Plaut, K. (1992). Interdependence of Hormones and Growth Factors in Lobulo-Alveolar Development of the Mammary Gland and in Tumorigenesis. In: Dogliotti, L., Sapino, A., Bussolati, G. (eds) Breast Cancer: Biological and Clinical Progress. Developments in Oncology, vol 69. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3494-5_5
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