Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the hormonal control of cell proliferation in breast cancer has been the object of intense research. Because most breast cancers are initially dependent upon estrogens for continued growth, much of this research has focused on the role of estrogen receptor (ER) in the control of gene expression and mitosis (1), and on its use as a marker for hormone responsiveness and prognosis (2). In addition, progesterone receptor (PR), as both a mediator of hormonal responses and as a product of estrogen action on breast cancer cells, has been studied extensively as a tumor marker (3) and in terms of its regulation by estrogen agonists and antagonists (4). Although its function in breast cancer is unknown, the presence as well as the induction of PR has been coupled to estrogen-induced proliferative responses in breast cancer cells. An improved understanding of the function and regulation of expression of these transcription factors is emerging from studies of the structure, composition and dynamics of the receptor proteins and the genes that encode them. The cloning and molecular analysis of all of the known steroid receptors has led to the definition of common functional domains and a proposed mechanism by which they interact with responsive genes, via cis-acting DNA enhancer elements, in normal and neoplastic tissues (5, 6) (7). For ER and PR, these studies have been aided by the availability of a number of monoclonal antibody probes directed against specific regions of each receptor (8, 9). In addition, the same antibodies have been used to develop validated quantitative and histochemical immunoassays for ER and PR in a variety of hormone-responsive tissues and related cancers. Such assays have proved particularly useful in the evaluation of ER and PR in breast tumor extracts (10), in frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues and tumor sections (11, 12, 13) (14) (15) and in needle biopsies (16) (17). This paper summarizes the results of recent studies on ER and PR structure, composition and activity in breast cancer cells as a function of agonist and antagonist binding.
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© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
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Bettuzzi, S., Robinson, A., Fuchs-Young, R., Greene, G.L. (1992). Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Activity in Breast Cancer Cells. In: Dogliotti, L., Sapino, A., Bussolati, G. (eds) Breast Cancer: Biological and Clinical Progress. Developments in Oncology, vol 69. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3494-5_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3494-5_11
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