Abstract
The targeting of drug to the central nervous system (CNS) is of paramount importance in the treatment chronic diseases of the brain. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one such neurodegenerative disease that affects 5% to 10% of the population greater than the age of 65 years1,2 and the incidence of AD increases progressively between the ages of 65 and 85 years.3,4 This degenerative disease is a progressive disorder that leads to the death of the patient some 5 to 7 years after its clinical diagnosis. As such, effective therapy that would extend the life of the AD patient, would require treatment regimens that last years if not decades. The selective delivery of efficacious drugs to the affected organ, the brain, will thus be essential for effective, chronic pharmacotherapy of this neurodegenerative disorder.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
R. Katzman, Alzheimer’s disease, New Eng. J. Med. 314: 964 (1986).
J.A. Mortimer, L.M. Schuman and L.R. French, Epidemiology of dementing illness in: The Epidemiology of Dementia. Eds. J.A. Mortimer and L.M. Schuman, Oxford University Press, p. 3 (1981).
D.A. Evans, H. Funkenstein, M.S. Albert, P.A. Scherr, N.R. Cook, M.J. Chown, L.E. Herbert, C.H. Henneskens, and J.O. Taylor, J. Am. Med.Assoc. 262: 2551 (1989).
R. Sulkava, J. Wikstom, A. Aromaa, R. Raitasalo, V. Lehtinen, K. Lahhtela and J. Palo. Neurology 35:1025 (19851
J.W. Simpkins and N. Bodor. Brain-Enhanced Drug Delivery Systems of the Treatment of Dementia in: Alzheimer’s Disease: New Treatment Strategies, Eds. Z.S. Khachaturian and J. Blass, Marcell Dekker, Inc., New York, (in Press, 1991 ).
W.H. Mohs, R.E. Davis, R.D. Schwartz and E.R. Gamzer, Cognition Med. Res. Rev. 8: 353 (1988).
R.E. Becker and E. Giacobini. Dev. Res. 12: 163 (1988).
W.W. Pardridge, J.D. Connor and I.L. Crawford. Permeability changes in the blood-brain barrier: causes and consequences. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxic. 3: 159 (1975).
E. Levin. Are the terms blood-brain barrier and brain capillary permeability synonymous. Exp. Eye Res. 25: 191 (1977).
B. van Duers. Structural aspects of brain barriers with special reference to the permeability synonymous. Exp. Eye Res. 25: 191 (1977).
H. Davson. The blood-brain barrier. J. Phvsiol. Lond. 255: 1 (1976).
M.W. Brightman and T.S. Reese. Junctions between immediately opposed cerebral membranes in the vertebrate brain. J. Cell Biol. 40: 648 (1969).
W.H. Oldendorf. The blood-brain barrier. Exp. Eve Res. 25: 177 (1977).
R.R. Shivers. The blood-brain barrier of a reptile, Anolis Carolinensis. A freeze-fracture study. Brain Res. 169: 221 (1979).
M.W. Brightman. Morphology of blood-brain interfaces. Exp. Eye Res. 25: 1 (1977).
R.D. Broadwell and M. Saloman. Expanding the definition of the blood-brain barrier to proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78: 7820 (1981).
J.E. Hardebo, B. Falek, C. Owman and E. Rosengren. Studies on the enzymatic blood-brain barrier: quantitative measurement of DOPA decarboxylase in the wall of microvessels as related to parenchyma in various CNS regions. Acta Physiol. Scand. 105: 453 (1979).
J.E. Hardebo and C. Owman. Barrier mechanisms for neurotransmitter monoamines and their precursors at the blood-brain interface. Ann. Neurol. 8: 1 (1980).
G.P. Kaplan, B.K. Hartman and C.R. Creveling. Immunohistochemical localization of catechol-o-methytransferase in circumventricular organs of the rat: potential variations in the blood-brain barrier to native catechols. Brain Res. 229: 323 (1981).
S.I. Rapoport. The Blood-Brain Barrier in Physiology and Medicine. Raven Press, New York, 1976.
S.I. Rapoport, M. Ohata and E.D. London. Cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization following opening of the blood-brain and during maturation of the rat brain. Proc. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 40:2322 (19811
W.M., Pardridge. Transport of nutrients and hormones through the blood-brain barrier. Diabetojogia 20: 246 (1981).
H. Lund-Andersen. Transport of glucose from blood to brain. Physiol. Rev. 59: 305 (1979).
H.N. Christensen. Developments in amino acid transport. Illustrated for the bloodbrain barrier. Biochem. Pharmacol. 28: 1989 (1979).
M. Pollay and F.A. Stevens. Starvation-induced changes in transport of ketone bodies across the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurosci. Res. 5: 163 (1980).
E.M. Cornford, L.D. Braun and W.H. Oldendorf. Carrier mediated blood-brain barrier transport of choline and certain analogs. J. Neurochem. 30: 299 (1978).
L.D. Braun, E.M. Cornford and W.H. Oldendorf. Newborn rabbit blood-brain barrier is selectively permeable and differs substantial from the adult. J. Neurochem. 34: 147 (1980).
W.M. Pardridge and L.J. Meitus. Transport of thyroid and steroid hormones through the blood-brain barrier of new-born rabbits: primary role of protein-bound hormones. Endocrinol. 107: 1705 (1980).
S.I. Rapoport, W.A. Kleck, K.D. Pattigrew and K. Ohno. Entry of opioid peptides into the central nervous system. Science 207: 84 (1980).
W.M. Pardridge and L.J. Meitus. Transport of albbbumin-bound melatonin through the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 34: 1761 (1980).
A.J. Kastin, C. Nissen, A.V. Schally and D.H. Coy. Additional evidence that small amounts of a peptide can cross the blood-brain barrier. Pharmac. Biochem. Behav. 11: 717 (1979).
A.A. Sinkula and S.H. Yalkowsky. Rationale for design of biologically reversible drug derivatives: Prodrugs. J. Pharm. Sci. 64: 181 (1975).
N. Bodor. The soft drug approach. Chemtech Jan: 28 (1984).
N. Bodor. Novel approaches in prodrug design. Drugs of the Future 6: 165 (1981).
N. Bodor. Soft drugs: Principles and methods for the design of safe drugs. Med. Res. Reviews 4: 449 (1984).
V. Stella. Prodrugs: an overview and definition, in Prodrugs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems. Eds. T. Higuchi and V. Stella, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 14, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1975).
R.D. Smyth, M. Pfeffer, D.R. Van Hanker, A.Cohen and G.H. Hottendorf. Human pharmacokinetics and disposition of sarmoxicillin, a lipophilic amoxicillin prodrug. A.timicrob. Ag. Chemother. 1004 (1981).
H. Ferres. Pro-drugs of B-lactam antibiotics. Chem. Ind. 11: 436 (1980).
T.A. Connors. Possible pro-drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Chem. Ind. 11: 447 (1980).
M. Masquelier, R. Baurain and A. Trouet. Amino acid and dipeptide derivatives of daunorubicin. 1. Synthesis, physiochemical properties and lysosomal digestion. J. Med. Chem. 23: 1166 (1980).
P. Workman and J.A. Double. Drug latentiation in cancer chemotherapy. Biomedicine 28: 255 (1978).
N. Bodor, E. Shek and T. Higuhi. Delivery of a quaternary pyridinium salt across the blood-brain barrier by its dihydropyridine derivative. Science 190: 155 (1975).
N. Bodor, H. Farag and ME. Brewster. Site-specific sustained release of drugs to the brain. Science 214: 1370 (1981).
N. Bodor and H. Farag. Improved delivery through biological membranes. XI. A redox chemical drug delivery system and its use for brain specific delivery of phenethylamine. J. Med. Chem. 26: 313 (1983).
N. Bodor and J.W. Simpkins. Redox delivery system for brain-specific sustained release of dopamine. Science 221: 65 (1983).
J.W. Simpkins, N. Bodor and A. Enz. Direct evidence for brain specific release of dopamine from a redox delivery system. J. Pharm. Sci. 94: 1033 (1985).
N. Bodor and H. Farag. Improved delivery through biological membranes XIII. Brain specific delivery of dopamine with a dihydropyridine-pyridinium salt type redox delivery system. J. Med. Chem. 26: 528 (1983).
N. Bodor and M.E. Brewster. Improved delivery through biological membranes, XV Sustained brain delivery of berberine. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 18: 235 (1983).
A. El-Koussi and N. Bodor. . Drug Design and Delivery 1: 275 (1987).
N. Bodor and M.E. Brewster. Problems of delivery of drugs to the brain. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 19: 337 (1983).
W. Anderson, J. Simpkins, P. Woodard, D. Winwood, W. Stern and N. Bodor. Anxiolytic activity of a brain-specific GABA delivery system. Psychopharmacology 92: 157 (1987).
M.E. Brewster, C. Robledo-Luiggi, A. Miyakeb, E. Pop and N. Bodor. Brainenhanced delivery of anti-dementia drugs, in Novel Approaches to Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Eds., E.M. Meyer, J.W. Simpkins and J. Yamamoto, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 173–183 (1989).
J.W. Simpkins, J. McCornack, K.S. Estes, M.E. Brewster, E. Shek and N. Bodor. Sustained brain-specific delivery of estradiol causes long-term suppression of luteinizing hormone secretion. J. Med. Chem. 29: 1809 (1986).
M.E. Brewster, J.W. Simpkins and N. Bodor. Brain-targeted delivery of estrogens. Reviews in the Neurosciences 2: 241 (1990).
W. Anderson, J.W. Simpkins, M.E. Brewster and N. Bodor. Brain-enhanced delivery of testosterone using a chemical delivery system complexed with 2-hydroxy-propyl-Ăź-cyclodextrin. Drug Design and Delivery 2: 287 (1988).
W. Anderson, J.W. Simpkins, M.E. Brewster and N. Bodor. Evidence for prolonged suppression of stress-induced release of ACTH and corticosterone with a brain-enhanced dexamethasone-redox delivery system. Neuroendocrinolology 50: 9 (1989).
B.E. Roos and G. Steg. Life Sci. 3: 351 (1964).
H. Ehringer and O. Hornykiewicz. Klin Wochenschr. 38: 1236 (1960).
E.E. Tomlinson, D. Irving and G. Blessed. Cell loss in the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer’s type. J. Neurol. Sci. 49: 419 (1981).
A.J. Cross, T.J. Crow, E.K. Perry, G. Blessed and B.E. Tomlinson. Reduced dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in Alzheimer’s disease. Brit. Med. J. 282: 93 (1981).
R.M. MacLeod. Regulation of prolactin secretion, in Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. Vol. 4, Ed. L. Martini and W.F. Ganong, Raven Press, N.Y., pp. 169 (1976).
R.H. Roth. CNS dopamine autorecetors: distribution, pharmacology and function. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 430: 27 (1984).
K. Amezer and K.E. Moore. Effects of drugs on regional brain concentrations of dopamine and dopac. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 208: 49 (1979).
R.Y. Moore and F.E. Bloom. Central catecholamine neuron systems: Anatomy and physiology of dopamine systems. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1: 129 (1978).
I.J. Kopin, G.R. Breeze, K.R. Krauss and V.K. Weise. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 161: 271 (1968).
D. Weiner, F.C. Bove, R. Bjur, G. Cloutier and S.Z. Langer. In: New Concepts in Neurotransmitter Regulation. Plenum Press, NY, pp. 89–113 (1973).
L. Annunziato. Regulation of the tuberoinfundibular and nigrostriatal systems. Neuroendocrinology 29: 66 (1979).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Simpkins, J.W., Bodor, N. (1992). Brain Targeted Delivery of Neurotransmitters: Use of a Redox Based Chemical Delivery System. In: Meyer, E.M., Simpkins, J.W., Yamamoto, J., Crews, F.T. (eds) Treatment of Dementias. Advances in Behavioral Biology, vol 40. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3432-7_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3432-7_23
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6518-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3432-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive