Abstract
Retinoids are a class of naturally occurring compounds consisting of a hydrocarbon ring linked to an unsaturated hydrocarbon side chain with a polar terminal group. Retinoids have dramatic effects on differentiation and development. For example, retinoic acid (RA) alters positional identity in developing and regenerating systems: in the chick limb bud the anteroposterior axis is affected by locally applied RA (Tickle et al. 1982, 1985; Summerbell, 1983) and systemic and/or exogenous treatment with RA changes the rostrocaudal axis of Xenopus (Durston et al., 1989; Sive et al., 1990) and the proximodistal axis of the regenerating urodele limb (Maden, 1982; Thorns and Stocum, 1984).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brand, N.J. Petkovich, M., Krust, A., Chambon, P., Marchio, A. Tiollais, P., and Dejean, A., 1988, Identification of a second human retinoic acid receptor, Nature 332: 850.
Blomhoff, R., Green, M., Berg, T., and Norum, K., 1990, Transport and storage of vitamin A, Science, 250:399.
Dollé, P. Ruberte, E. Kastner, P., Petkovich, M., Stoner, C.M., Gudas, L.J., and Chambon, 1989, Differential expression of genes encoding alpha, beta and gamma retinoic acid receptors and CRABP in the developing limbs of the mouse. Nature, 342:767.
Dowling, J.E., and Wald, G., 1960, The biological function of vitamin A acid, Proc. natl. Acad. Sci., 46:587.
Durston, A.J., Timmermans, J.P.M., Hage, W.J., Hendriks, H.F.J., de Vries, N.J., Heideveld, M., and Nieuwkoop, P.D., 1989, Retinoic acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system, Nature,340:140.
Evans, R., 1988, The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor super-family, Science, 240:889.
Gonzales, F., 1989, The molecular biology of cytochrome P450s, pharm. Rev.,40:244.
Guiguère, V., Ong, E.S. Segui, P., and Evans, R.M., 1987. Indetification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid, Nature 330: 624.
Hornbruch, A., and Wolpert, L., 1986, Positional signalling by Hensen’s node when grafted to the chick limb bud, J. Embryol. Exp Morphol., 94:257.
Julia, P., Farrés, J., and Parés, X, 1986, Ocular alcohol dehydrogenase in the rat: regional distribution and kinetics of the ADH-1 isoenzyme with retinol and retinal, Exp. Eye Res., 42:305.
Leo, M.A., Iida, S., and Lieber, C., 1984, Retinoic acid metabolism by a system reconstituted with cytochrome P-450, Arch. Riochem. Biophys., 234:305.
Leo, M.A., Kim, C.-I., and Lieber, C., 1987, NAD+-dependent retinol dehydrogenase in liver microsomes, Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 259:241.
Leo, M.A., Lasker, J., Raucy, J., Kim, C.-I., Black, M., and Lieber, C., 1989, Metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid by human liver cytochrome P450IIC8, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 269:305.
Maden, M., 1982, Vitamin A and pattern formation in the regenerating limb, Nature, 295:672.
Maden, M., Ong, D.E., Summerbell, D., and Chityl, F., 1988, Spatial distribution of cellular protein binding to retinoic acid in the chick limb bud. Nature 335: 733.
Mangelsdorf D.J. D.J., Ong, E.S., Dyck, J.A. and Evans R.M., 1990, Nuclear receptor that defines a novel retinoic acid response pathway. Nature 345:224.
Napoli, J.L., 1986, Retinol metabolism in LLC-PK1 cells, J. Biol. Chem., 261:13592.
Napoli, J.L., and Race, K.R., 1987, The biosynthesis of retinoic acid from retinol by rat tissues in vitro, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 255:95.
Nicotra, C., and Livrea, 1982, Retinol dehydrogenase from bovine retinal rod outer segments. Kinetic mechanism of the solubilized enzyme, J. Biol. Chem., 257:11836.
Ong, D., Kakkad, B., and MacDonald,P.N., 1987, Acyl-CoAindependent esterification of retinol bound to cellular retinolbinding protein (type II) by microsomes from rat small intestine, J. Biol. Chem., 262:2729.
Perez-Castro, A.V., Toth-Rogler, L.E., Wei, L., Nguyen-Huu, M.C., 1989, Spatial and temporal pattern of expression of cellular retinoic acid binding protein and the cellular retinol binding protein during mouse embryogenesis. Proc. natl. Acad. Sci USA 86: 8813.
Petkovich, M. Brand, N.J., Krust, A., and Chambon, P., 1987, A human retinoic acid receptor that belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. Nature 330: 444.
Placzeck, M., Tessier-Lavigne, M., Jessell, T. and Dodd, J., 1990, Orientation of commissural axons in vitro in response to a floor plate-derived chemoattractant. Development, 110:19.
Roberts, A.B., Lamb, L.C., and Sporn, M., 1980, Metabolism of alltrans-retinoic acid in hamster liver microsomes: oxidation of 4hydroxy-to 4-keto-retinoic acid, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 374:383.
Saunders, J.W., and Gasseling, M.T., 1968, Ectodermal-mesenchymal interactions in the origin of limb symmetry,in: “EpithelialMesenchymal Interactions”, Fleischmajer, R., and Billingham, R.E., eds. p. 78. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Siegenthaler, G., Saurat, J.-H., and Ponec, M., 1990, Retinol and retinal metabolism,Biochem. J., 268:371.
Sive, H., Draper, B., Harland, R., and Weintraub, H., 1990, Identification of a retinoic acid-sensitive period during primary axis formation in Xenopus laevis, Genes & Development, 4:932
Summerbell, D., 1983, The effect of local application of retinoic acid to the anterior margin of the developing chick limb,J.Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 78:269.
Summerbell, D., and Harvey, F., 1983, Vitamin A and the control of pattern in developing limbs. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 110A: 109.
Thaller, C., and Eichele, G., 1987, Identification and spatial distribution of retinoids in the developing chick limb, Nature, 327:625.
Thaller, C., and Eichele, G., 1988, Characterization of retinoid metabolism in the chick limb bud, Development, 103:473.
Thaller, C., and Eichele, G., 1990, Isolation of 3,4didehydroretinoic acid, a novel morphogenetic signal in the chick wing bud, Nature, 345:815.
Thorns, S.D., and Stocum, D.L., 1984, Retinoic acid-induced pattern duplication in regenerating urodele limbs, Dey. Biol., 103:319.
Tickle, C., Alberts, B.M., Wolpert, L., and Lee, J., 1982, Local application of retinoic acid to the limb bud mimics the action of the polarising region, Nature, 296:564.
Tickle, C., Lee, J., and Eichele, G., 1985, A quantitative analysis of the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on the pattern of chick wing development, Dev. Biol., 109:82.
Törmä, H., and Vahlquist, A., 1985, Biosynthesis of 3dehydroretinol (Vitamin A2) from all-trans-retinol (vitamin Al) in human epidermis, J. Invest. Dermatol., 85:498.
Törmä, H., and Vahlquist, A., 1988, Identification of 3dehydroretinol (vitamin A2) in mouse liver, Biochim. Biophys. Act._, 961:177.
Tsin, A.T., Alvarez, R., Fong, S.-L., and Bridges, C., 1985, Conversion of retinol to 3,4-didehydroretinol in the tadpole, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 81B:415.
Vahlquist, A., 1980, The identification of dehydroretinol (vitamin A2) in human skin, Experientia, 36:317.
Wagner, M., Thaller, C., Jessell, T., and Eichele, G., 1990, Polarizing activity and retinoid synthesis in the floor plate of the neural tube, Nature, 345:819.
Wolpert, L., 1969, Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation, J. theor. Biol. 25: 1.
Yost, R., Harrison, E., and Ross, A.C., 1988, Esterification by rat liver microsomes of retinol bound to cellular retinol-binding protein, J. Biol. Chem., 263:18693.
Zelent, A., Krust, A., Petkovich, M., Kastner P., and Chambon, P., 1989, Cloning of murine alpha and beta retinoic acid receptors and a novel receptor gamma predominantly expressed in skin. Nature 339: 714.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Janocha, R., Eichele, G. (1991). Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of Retinoid Action in Limb Pattern Formation. In: Hinchliffe, J.R., Hurle, J.M., Summerbell, D. (eds) Developmental Patterning of the Vertebrate Limb. NATO ASI Series, vol 205. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3310-8_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3310-8_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6457-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3310-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive