Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Grazing Incidence X-Ray Scattering

  • Chapter
Synchrotron Radiation Research

Part of the book series: Synchrotron Radiation Research ((SRR,volume 1))

Abstract

The structural challenges presented by the two-dimensional world of surfaces have proven formidable. In spite of the critical role that surfaces and interfaces play in such diverse sciences as catalysis, electrolysis, tribology, metallurgy, and the study of electronic devices and in spite of the expected richness of two-dimensional (2-D) physics of melting, magnetism, and their related phase transitions, only a few surface structures are known and most of those only semiquantitatively (e.g., their symmetry).1 Our inability in many cases to understand atomic structure and to make the structure—function connection in the 2-D region of surfaces and interfaces has significantly inhibited progress in understanding this potentially rich area of science. In the more thoroughly explored three-dimensional (3-D) world of materials, the use of X-ray scattering has provided us with most of our knowledge of the structure of crystals, amorphous solids, and liquids; from simple materials like silicon to complex materials like DNA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. G. A. Somorjai, Chemistry in Two Dimensions: Surfaces, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  2. P. Eisenberger and L. C. Feldman, Science 214,300 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. A. Van Hove and S. Y. Tong, Surface Crystallography by LEED, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1979).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. W. C. Marra, P. Eisenberger, and A. Y. Cho, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 6927 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. P. Eisenberger and W. C. Marra, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1081 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Guinier, X-Ray Diffraction in Crystals, Imperfect Crystals, and Amorphous Bodies, Freeman, San Francisco (1963); B. E. Warren, X-Ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  7. I. K. Robinson, Phys. Rev. B33, 3830 (1986); S. R. Andrews and R. A. Cowley, J. Phys. C. 18, 6427 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  8. G. H. Vineyard,Phys. Rev. B26, 4145 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  9. S. Dietrich and H. Wagner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1469 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. R. W. James, The Optical Principles of the Diffraction of X-Rays, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  11. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, Pergamon, New York (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  12. P. H. Fuoss,in Synchrotron Radiation and Surface Science (D. Norman and J. E. Inglesfield, eds.), Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  13. L. G. Parratt,Phys. Rev. 95, 359 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. R. S. Becker, J. A. Golovchenko, and J. R. Patel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 153 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Fischer-Colbrie and P. H. Fuoss, in preparation; A. Fischer-Colbrie, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  16. A. M. Afanas’ev and M. K. Melkonyan, Acta Crystallog. A39, 376 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  17. P. L. CowanPhys. Rev. B32, 5437 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. P. L. Cowan, S. Brennan, T. Jach, M. J. Bedzyk, and G. Materlik, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2399 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H. Lipson and W. Cochran, The Determination of Crystal Structures, G. Bell and Sons, London (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. Karle, Science 232, 837 (1986); H. Hauptman, Science 233, 178 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  21. I. K. Robinson, in Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 3 (D. Moncton, ed.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, to be published.

    Google Scholar 

  22. J. A. Golovchenko,Science 232, 48 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. L. D. Marks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1000 (1983); L. D. Marks and D. J. Smith, Nature 303, 316 (1983); L. D. Marks and D. J. Smith, Surf. Sci. 143, 587 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  24. N. Norman, Acta Crystallog. 7, 462 (1954) and references therein.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. A. van Steenbergen and N. Staff, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 172, 25 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. E. Hoyer,Nucl. Instrum. Methods 208, 117 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. C. H. MacGillavry and G. D. Rieck, International Tables for X-Ray Crystallography, Vol. III, D. Reidel (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  28. S. Brennan and P. Eisenberger, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 222, 164 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. P. H. Fuoss and I. K. Robinson, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 222, 171 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. K. L. Liang, G. J. Hughes, and R. C. Hewitt, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  31. J. Als-Nielson and P. S. Pershan, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 208, 545 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. P. H. Fuoss, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  33. J. Bohr, R. Feidenhans’l, M. Nielsen, M. Toney, R. L. Johnson, and I. Robinson, Phys. Rev. Lett 54, 1275 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. L. Johnson, J. H. Fock, I. K. Robinson, J. Bohr, R. Feidenhans’I, J. Als-Nielson, M. Nielsen, and M. Toney,in The Structure of Surfaces, (M. A. Van Hove and S. Y. Tong eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  35. I. K. Robinson, W. K. Waskiewicz, P. H. Fuoss, J. B. Stark, and P. A. Bennett, Phys. Rev. B33, 7013 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. J. Chadi,Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 43 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. J. A. Appelbaum and D. R. Hamann, Surf. Sci. 74, 21 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. S. Y. Tong, G. Xu, and W. N. Mei, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 21 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  39. F. Jona, H. D. Shih, D. W. Jepsen, and P. M. Marcus, J. Phys. C 12, L455 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. M. Aono, R. Souda, C. Oshima, and Y. Ishizawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 801 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 120 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. R. J. Culbertson, L. C. Feldman, and P. J. Silverman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 2043 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. P. A. Bennett, L. C. Feldman, Y. Kuk, E. G. McRae, and J. E. Rowe, Phys. Rev. B28, 3656 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. E. G. McRaePhys. Rev. B28, 2305 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. K. Takayanagi, Y. Tarishiro, M. Takahashi, and S. Takahashi, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 3, 1502 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. I. K. RobinsonPhys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1145 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. I. K. Robinson, Y. Kuk, and L. C. Feldman, Phys. Rev. B29, 4762 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. K. S. Liang, P. H. Fuoss, G. J. Hughes, and P. Eisenberger,in The Structure of Surfaces, (M. A. Van Hove and S. Y. Tong, Eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  49. K. S. Liang and P. Eisenberger, in “Characterization of Defects in Materials,” MRS Symp. Proc., Vol. 82, p. 493 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. A. Segmuller,in Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 29, (C. S. Barrett, ed.), Plenum, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  51. A. F. Ruppert, P. D. Persans, G. J. Hughes, K. S. Liang, B. Ables and W. Lanford, Phys. Rev. B44, 11381 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. P. H. Fuoss and A. Fischer-Colbrie, Phys. Rev. B38, 1875 (1988); A. Fischer-Colbrie and P. H. Fuoss, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 59–60, 859 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  53. J. C. Campuzano, M. S. Foster, G. Jennings, R. F. Willis, and W. Unertl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 2684 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. W. N. Unertl,Comments Cond. Mat. Phys. 12, 289 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. R. J. Birgeneau and P. M. Horn, Science 232, 329 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. A. Erbil, A. R. Kortan, R. J. Birgeneau, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Phys. Rev. B28, 6329 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. W. C. Marra, P. H. Fuoss, and P. Eisenberger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1169 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J. Henrion and G. E. Rhead, Surf. Sci. 29, 20 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. S. Brennan, P. H. Fuoss, and P. Eisenberger,in The Structure of Surfaces, (M. A. Van Hove and S. Y. Tong, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  60. B. C. Lu and S. A. Rice,J. Chem. Phys.68,5558 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. A. Braslau, M. Deutsch, P. S. Pershan, A. H. Waeiss, J. Als-Nielsen, and J. Bohr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 114 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. M. R. Townsend, J. Gryko, and S. A. Rice, J. Chem. Phys. 82, 4391 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. J. M. Bloch, M. Sansone, F. Rondelez, D. G. Peiffer, P. Pincus, J. W. Kim, and P. Eisenberger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1039 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. P. S. Pershan and J. Als-Nielsen, Phys. Rev. Lett, 52, 759 (1984); J. Als-Nielson, F. Christensen, and P. S. Pershan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1107 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  65. D. Gibbs, D. E. Moncton, K. L. D’Amico, J. Bohr, and B. H. Grier, Phys. Rev. Leu. 55, 234 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. D. E. Moncton, private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  67. G. R. Gruzalski, D. M. Zehner and J. F. Wendelken, Surf. Sci. 147, L623 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AT & T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, 07974, USA

    P. H. Fuoss

  2. EXXON Corporate Research Laboratories, Annandale, New Jersey, 08801, USA

    K. S. Liang

  3. Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA

    P. Eisenberger

Authors
  1. P. H. Fuoss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. S. Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Eisenberger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Applied Materials Inc., Santa Clara, California, USA

    Robert Z. Bachrach

  2. Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Robert Z. Bachrach

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fuoss, P.H., Liang, K.S., Eisenberger, P. (1992). Grazing Incidence X-Ray Scattering. In: Bachrach, R.Z. (eds) Synchrotron Radiation Research. Synchrotron Radiation Research, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3280-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3280-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6442-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3280-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation