Abstract
New-generation immunological adjuvants currently under investigation include immunostimulating complexes, block copolymers, nanoparticles and liposomes (Gregoriadis et al, 1991). The latter, used extensively since 1970 as a drug delivery system (Gregoriadis and Florence, 1993), were shown in 1974 (Allison and Gregoriadis, 1974) to promote immune responses to entrapped diphtheria toxoid. Work by numerous workers during the last two decades (Gregoriadis, 1990) has extended this observation for a growing number of bacterial, viral and protozoan antigens. In addition, as a result of the unique structural versatility of liposomes, it is now possible to manipulate their membrane fluidity (Gregoriadis et al, 1987; Davis and Gregoriadis, 1987; Therien et al, 1991), surface charge (Latiff and Bacchawat, 1987), size (Francis et al, 1985) and phospholipid to antigen mass ratio (Davis and Gregoriadis, 1987, 1989; Therien et al, 1991) so as to achieve optimal adjuvanticity for a number of antigens. Further amplification of adjuvanticity has been observed by receptor-mediated targeting to antigen presenting cells (Garcon et al, 1988) and the co-entrapment of interleukin-2 together with the antigen (Tan and Gregoriadis, 1989).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allison, A.C. and Gregoriadis, G., 1974, Liposomes as immunological adjuvants, Nature, 252:252.
Bittle, J.L., Houghten, R.A., Alexander, H., Schinnick, T.M., Sutcliff, J.G., Lerner, R.A., Rowlands, D.J. and Brown, F., 1982, Protection against foot-and-mouth disease by immunization with a chemically synthesised peptide predicted from the viral nucleotide sequence, Nature, 298:30.
Borras-Cuesta, F., Petit-Camurdan, A. and Fedon, Y., 1987, Engineering of immunogenic peptides by co-linear synthesis of determinants recognised by B and T cells, Eur.J.Immunol., 17:1213.
Davis, D. and Gregoriadis, G., 1987, Liposomes as adjuvants with immunopurified tetanus toxoid: Influence of liposomal characteristics, Immunology, 61:229.
Davis, D. and Gregoriadis, G., 1989, Primary immune response to liposomal tetanus toxoid in mice: The effect of mediators, Immunology, 68:277.
Francis, M.J., 1993, Carriers for peptides: Theories and technology, in: “New Generation Vaccines: The Role of Basic Immunology”, G. Gregoriadis, B. McCormack, A.C. Allison, and G. Poste (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, in press.
Francis, M.J., Fry, C.M., Rowlands, D.J., Brown, F., Bittle, J.L., Houghten, R.A. and Lerner, R.A., 1985, Immunological priming with synthetic peptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus, J.Gen,Virol., 66:2347.
Francis, M.J., Hastings, G.Z., Syred, A.D., McGinn, B., Brown, F. and Rowlands, D.J., 1987, Non-responsiveness to a foot-and-mouth disease virus synthetic peptide overcome by addition of foreign helper T-cell determinants, Nature, 330:168.
Frisch, B., Muller, S., Briand, J.P., Van Regenmortel, M.H.V. and Schuber, F., 1991, Parameters affecting the inmunogenicity of a liposome-associated synthetic hexapeptide antigen, Eur.J.Immunol., 21:185.
Garcon, N.M.J. and Six, H.R., 1991, Universal vaccine carrier: Liposomes that provide T-dependent help to weak antigens, J.Immunol., 146:3697.
Garcon, N., Gregoriadis, G., Taylor, M. and Summerfield, J., 1988, Targeted immunoadjuvant action of tetanus toxoid-containing liposomes coated with mannosylated albumin, Immunology, 64:743.
Goodman-Snitboff, G., Eisele, L.E., Heiner, E.P., Felix, A.M., Anderson, T.T., Fiuerst, T.R. and Mannino, R.J., 1990, Defining minimal requirements for antibody production to peptide antigen, Vaccine, 8:257.
Gregoriadis, G., 1990, Immunological adjuvants: A role for liposomes, Immunol.Today, 11:89.
Gregoriadis, G. and Florence, A.T., 1993, Liposomal drug delivery systems: Clinical, diagnostic and ophthalmic applications, Drugs, 45:15.
Gregoriadis, G., Davis, D. and Davies, A., 1987, Liposomes as immunological adjuvants: Antigen incorporation studies, Vaccine, 5:143.
Gregoriadis, G., Allison, A.C. and Poste, G. (eds.), 1991, “Vaccines: Recent Trends and Progress”, Plenum, New York.
Gregoriadis, G., Garcon, N., da Silva, H. and Sternberg, B., 1993a, Coupling of ligands to liposomes independently of solute entrapment: Observations on the formed vesicles, Biochim.Biophys.Acta, 1147:185
Gregoriadis, G., Wang, Z., Barenholz, Y. and Francis, M., 1993b, Liposome-entrapped T-cell peptide provides help for a co-entrapped B-cell peptide to overcome genetic restriction in mice and induce immunological memory, Immunology, in press.
Jensen, P.E. and Knapp, J.A., 1986, Bystander help in primary immune reponses in vivo, J.Exp.Med 164:841.
Kirby, C. and Gregoriadis, G., 1984, Dehydration-rehydration vesicles (DRV): A new method for high yield drug entrapment in liposomes, Biotechnology, 11:979.
Kirby, C., Clarke, J. and Gregoriadis, G.,1980, Effect of the cholesterol content of small unilamellar liposomes on their stability in vivo and in vitro, Biochem J., 186:591.
Latiff, N.A. and Bacchawat, R.K., 1987, The effect of surface-coupled antigen of liposomes immunopotentiation, Immunol.Lett., 15:45.
Leclerc, C., Przewlocki, G., Schutze, M. and Chedid, L., 1987, A synthetic vaccine constructed by copolymerization of B and T cell determinants, Eur.J.Immunol. 17:269.
Milich, D.R., 1987, Genetic and molecular basis for T- and B-cell recognition of hepatitis B viral antigen, Immunol.Reviews, 99:71.
Milich, D.R., McLachlan, A., Moriarty, A. and Thornton, G.B., 1987, A single 10-residue pre-S(1) peptide can prime T cell help for antibody production to multiple epitopes within the pre-S(1), pre-S(2) and S regions of HBsAg, J Immunol., 138:4457.
Neurath, A.R., Jameson, B. and Huima, T., 1987, Hepatitis B virus proteins eliciting protective immunity, Microbiological Sciences, 4:45.
Neurath, A.R., Seto, B. and Strick, N., 1989, Antibodies to synthetic peptides from the pre-S1 region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope (env) protein are virus-neutralizing and protective, Vaccine, 7:234.
Partidos, C.D., Obeid, O.E. and Steward, M.W., 1992, Antibody response to non-immunogenic synthetic peptides induced by co-immunization with immunogenic peptides, Immunology, 77:262.
van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Briand, J.P., Muller, S. and Plave, S., 1988, Synthetic polypeptides as antigens, in: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Bioloby, Vol. 19, R.H. Burdon and P.H. von Knippenberg (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Tan, L. and Gregoriadis, G., 1989, The effect of interleukin-2 on the immunoadjuvant action of liposomes, Biochem.Soc.Trans., 17:693.
Therien, H-M., Shahum, E. and Fortin, A., 1991, Liposome adjuvanticity: Influence on dose and protein-lipid ratio on the humoural response to encapsulated and surface-linked antigens, Cell.Immunol., 136:403.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gregoriadis, G., Wang, Z., Francis, M.J. (1993). Co-Entrapment of T-Cell and B-Cell Peptides in Liposomes Overcomes Genetic Restriction in Mice and Induces Immunological Memory. In: Gregoriadis, G., McCormack, B., Allison, A.C., Poste, G. (eds) New Generation Vaccines. NATO ASI Series, vol 261. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2948-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2948-4_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6281-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2948-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive