Skip to main content

Carriers for Peptides: Theories and Technology

  • Chapter
New Generation Vaccines

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSA,volume 261))

Abstract

Many studies in recent years have been directed towards producing fully synthetic peptide immunogens (Francis and Clarke 1989; Francis 1993, this volume) which contain the necessary B- and T-cell epitopes for immunogenicity in vivo. However, there is little doubt that carrier proteins still offer the most straightforward and convenient way of presenting poorly immunogenic peptides to the immune system. This may be achieved either by chemical linkage of synthetic peptides to “foreign” protein molecules or by direct linkage to proteins for expression as recombinant fusion proteins. However it should be recognised that the method used to link the peptide to the carrier can greatly influence both the quantitative and qualitative nature of the immune response observed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, S.E., Dawson, K.M., Gull, Kingsman, S. and Kingsman, A.J., 1987, The expression of hybrid HIV: Ty virus like particles in yeast, Nature (Lond), 329:68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beesley, K.M., Francis, M.J., Clarke, B.E., Beesley, J.E., Dopping-Hepenstal, P.J.C., Clare, J.J., Brown, F. and Romanos, M.A., 1990, Expression in yeast of amino-terminal peptide fusions to hepatitis B core antigen and their immunological properties, Biotechnol., 8:644.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broekhuijsen, M.P., Blom, T., Kottenhagen, M., Pouwels, P.H., Meloen, R.H., Barteling, S.J. and Engel-Valk, B.E., 1986a, Synthesis of fusion proteins containing antigenic determinants of foot-and-mouth disease virus, Vaccine, 4:119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broekhuijsen, M.P., Blom, T., Van Rijn, J., Pouwels, P.H., Klasen, E.A., Fasbender, M.J. and Enger-Valk, B.E., 1986b, Synthesis of fusion proteins with multiple copies of antigenic determinant of foot-and-mouth disease virus, Gene, 49:189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broekhuijsen, M.P., Van Rijn, J.M.M., Blom, A.J.M., Pouwels, P.H., Enger-Valk, B.E., Brown, F. and Francis, M.J., 1987, Fusion proteins with multiple copies of the major antigenic determinant of foot-and-mouth disease virus protect both the natural host and laboratory animals, J Gen Virol., 68:3137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A.L., Francis, M.J., Hastings, G.Z., Parry, P.V., Rowlands, D.J. and Clarke, B.E., 1991, Foreign epitopes in immunodominant regions of hepatitis B core particles are highly immunogenic and conformationally restricted, Vaccine, 9:595.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, B.E., Newton, S.E., Carroll, A.R., Francis, M.J., Appleyard, G., Syred, A.D., Highfield, P.E., Rowlands, D.J. and Brown, F., 1987, Improved immunogenicity of a peptide epitope after fusion to hepatitis B core protein, Nature (Lond), 330:381.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, B.E., Brown, A.L., Grace, K.K., Hastings, G.Z., Brown, F., Rowlands, D.J. and Francis, M.J., 1990, Presentation and immunogenicity of viral epitopes on the surface of hybrid hepatitis B virus core particles produced in bacteria, J Gen Virol., 71:1109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, D., Chardhri, B., Stephens, M.D., Carne, C.A., Willers, C. and Lachmann, P.J., 1990, The imnunodominance of epitopes within the transmembrane protein (gp41) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 may be determined by the host’s previous exposure to similar epitopes on unrelated antigens, J Gen Virol., 71:1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delpeyroux, F., Chenciner, N., Lim, A., Malpiece, Y., Blondel, B., Grainic, R., van der Wef, S. and Streeck, R.E., 1986, A polio neutralisation epitope expressed on hybrid hepatitis B surface antigen particles, Science, 233:472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devey, M.E., Bleasdale-Barr, K.M., Bird, P. and Amlot, P.L., 1990, Antibodies of different human IgG subclasses show distinct patterns of affinity maturation after immunisation with keyhole limpet haemocyanin, Immunology, 70:168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyrberg, T. and Oldstone, M.B., 1986, Peptides as antigens, Importance of Orientation, J Exp Med., 164:1344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, M.J., 1993, Synthetic peptides and the role of T-helper cell determinants (This volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, M.J. and Clarke, B.E., 1989, Peptide vaccines based on enhanced immunogenicity of peptide epitopes presented with T-cell determinants or hepatitis B core protein, Meth Enzymol., 178:659.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, M.J., Fry, C.M., Rowlands, D.J., Brown, F., Bittle, J.L., Houghten, R.A. and Lerner, R.A., 1985, Immunological priming with synthetic peptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus, J Gen Virol., 66:2347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, M.J., Hastings, G.Z., Clarke, B.E., Brown, A.L., Beddell, C.R., Rowlands, D.J. and Brown, G., 1990a, Neutralising antibodies to all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus elicited by synthetic peptides, Immunol., 69:171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, M.J., Hastings, G.Z., Brown, A.L., Grace, K.G., Rowlands, D.J., Brown, F. and Clarke, B.E., 1990b, Immunological properties of hepatitis B core antigen fusion proteins, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87:2545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, M.J., Clarke, B.E., Hastings, G.Z., Brown, A.L., Rowlands, D.J. and Brown, F., 1990c, Immune response to peptide/hepatitis B core antigen fusion proteins, in: “Vaccines 90”, F. Brown, R.M. Chanock, H.S. Ginsberg and R.A. Lerner, eds, Cold Spring Harbor Lab, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S.G., Hengartner, H. and Zinkernagel, R.M., 1986, Primary antibody responses to a well-defined and unique hapten are not enhanced by pre-immunisation with carrier: Analysis in a viral model, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83:2604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzenberg, L.A., Tokuhisa, T. and Herzenberg, L.A., 1980, Carrier-priming leads to hapten-specific suppression, Nature, 285:664.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D.H., Paul, W.E., Goidl, E.A. and Benacerraf, B., 1970, Carrier function in anti-hapten immune responses. I. Enhancement of primary and secondary anti-hapten antibody responses by carrier pre-immunisation, J Exp Med., 132:261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleid, D.G., Dowbenko, D.J., Bock, L.A., Hotlin, M.E., Jakson, M.L., Patzer, E.J., Shine, S.J., Weddell, G.N., Yansura, D.G., Morgan, D.O., McKercher, P.D. and Moore, D.M., 1985, Production of recombinant vaccines from micro-organisms: Vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease, in: “Microbiology”, L. Leive, ed., Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kryzch, U.A., Fowler, A.V., Miller, A. and Sercarz, E.E., 1982, Repertoires of T cells directed against a large protein antigen, - galactosidase, J Immunolo., 128:1529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manca, F., Kunki, A., Fenoglio, D., Fowler, A., Sercarz, E. and Celada, F., 1985, Constraints in T-B cooperation related to epitope topology on E.coli -galactosidase, Eur J Immunol., 15:345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milich, D.R., McLachlan, A., Thornton, G.B. and Hughes, L.L., 1987a, Antibody production to the nucleocapsid and envelope of the hepatitis B virus primed by a single synthetic T-cell site, Nature, 329:547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milich, D.R., McLachlan, A., Moriarty, A. and Thornton, G.B., 1987, Immune response to hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg): Localisation of T-cell recognition sites within HBcAg/HBeAg, J Immunol., 139:1223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchison, N.A., 1971, The carrier effect in the secondary response to hapten-protein conjugates. II Cellular cooperation, Eur J Immunol., 1:18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, S.E., Clarke, B.E., Appleyard, G., Francis, M.J., Carroll, A.R., Rowlands, D.J., Skehel, J. and Brown, F., 1987, Novel antigen presentation via vaccinia in: “Vaccines 87”: Modern Approaches to New Vaccines“, R.M. Chanock, R.A. Lerner, F. Brown and H. Ginsberg, eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovary, Z. and Benacerraf, B., 1963, Immunological specificity of the secondary response with dinitrophenylated proteins, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med., 114:72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palfreyman, J.W., Aitcheson, T.C. and Taylor, P., 1984, Guidelines for the production of polypeptide specific antisera using small synthetic oligopeptides as immunogens, J Immunol Meth., 75:383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schodel, F., Weiner, T., Will, H. and Millich, D., 1990, Recombinant HBV core particles carrying immunodominant B-cell epitopes of the HBV pre-S2 region, in: “Vaccines 90: Modern Approaches to New Vaccines Including Prevention of AIDS”, F. Brown, R.M. Chanock, H.S. Ginsberg and R.A. Lerner, eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutze, M.P., Leclerc, C., Jolivet, M., Audibert, F. and Chedid, L., 1985, Carrier-induced epitopic suppression, A major issue for future synthetic vaccines, J Imnunol., 135:2319.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, S. and Murray, K., 1989, Immunogenicity of peptide fusions to hepatitis B virus core antigen, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 68:6283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, M.M., Hall, R.P. and Pisetsky, D.S., 1990, Serum interleukin-2 receptor responses to immunisation, Clin Immunol Immunopathol., 57:120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winther, M.D., Allen, G., Bomford, R.H. and Brown, F., 1986, Bacterially expressed antigenic peptide from foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid elicits variable immunologic responses in animals, J Immunol., 136:1835.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Francis, M.J. (1993). Carriers for Peptides: Theories and Technology. In: Gregoriadis, G., McCormack, B., Allison, A.C., Poste, G. (eds) New Generation Vaccines. NATO ASI Series, vol 261. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2948-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2948-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6281-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2948-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics