Skip to main content

Dynamics of Autotrophic Picoplankton in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Advances in Microbial Ecology ((AMIE,volume 13))

Abstract

Small unicellular algae in the size range of picoplankton (0.2–2.0 µm; Sieburth et al., 1978) are ubiquitous components of pelagic ecosystems. They contribute substantially to both phytoplankton biomass and production in marine and freshwater ecosystems. In the early 1950s, Rhode found up to 11,600 cells/ml of minute green algae (size 1–2 µm or less) in oligotrophic subarctic Lake Katter-jaure (Rhode, 1955). Abundances of those “µ-algae” ranging from 1000 to 10,000 per ml were also common in the winter plankton of other lakes around Abisko, Sweden (Rhode, 1955).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andersson, A., Larsson, U., and Hagström, A., 1986, Size-selective grazing by a microflagellate on pelagic bacteria, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 33:51–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreoli, C., Rascio, N., Dalla Vecchia, F., and Talarico, L., 1989, An ultrastructural research on natural populations of picoplankton from two brackish water environments in Italy, J. Plankton Res. 11:1067–1074.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armbrust, E. V., Bowen, J. D., Olson, R. J., and Chisholm, S.W., 1989, Effect of light on the cell cycle of a marine Synechococcus strain, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:425–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J. G., Gray, J. S., Meyer-Reil, L. A., and Thingstad, F., 1983, The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10:257–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. L., 1991, Patches and picoplankton-Effects on larval life spans of gastropod larvae, Am. Zool. 31:6A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bienfang, P. K., and Takahashi, M., 1983, Ultraplankton growth rates in a subtropical ecosystem, Mar. Biol. 76:213–218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, D. J., and Kalff, J., 1986, Bacterial grazing by planktonic lake algae, Science 231:493–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, D. J., and Kalff, J., 1987, Algal phagotrophy: Regulating factors and importance relative to photosynthesis in Dinobryon (Chrysophyceae), Limnol. Oceanogr. 32:277–284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boraas, M. E., Remsen, C. C., and Seale, D. D., 1985, Phagotrophic flagellate populations in Lake Michigan: Use of image analysis to determine numbers and size distribution, Eos 66:1299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boraas, M. E., Estep, K. W., Johnson, P. W., and Sieburth, J. M., 1988, Phagotrophic phototrophs: The ecological significance of mixotrophy, J. Protozool. 35:249–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brendelberger, H., 1985, Filter mesh-size and retention efficiency for small particles: Comparative studies with Cladocera, Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn, Limnol. 21:135–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Britschgi, T. B., and Giovannoni, S. J., 1991, Phylogenetic analysis of a natural marine bacte-rioplankton population by rRNA gene cloning and sequencing, App. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1707–1713.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger-Wiersma, T., Veenhuis, M., Korthals, H. J., Van de Wiel, C. C. M., and Mur, L. R., 1986, A new prokaryote containing chlorophylls a and b, Nature 320:262–264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger-Wiersma, T., Stal, L. J., and Mur, L. R., 1989, Prochlorothrix hollandica gen. nov., sp. nov.: A filamentous oxygenie photoautotrophic procaryote containing chlorophylls a and b: Assignment to Prochlorotrichaceae fam. nov. and order Prochlorales Florenzano, Balloni and Mate-rassi 1986, with emendation of the ordinal description, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:250–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkill, P. H., Leakey, R. J. G., Owens, N. J. P., and Mantoura, R. F. C., 1993, Synechococcus and its importance to the microbial foodweb of the northwest Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res.: Part II, 40:773–782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, C. W., and Stockner, J. G., 1991, Picoplankton in six New Zealand lakes: Abundance in relation to season and trophic state, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:523–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, L., and Carpenter, E. J., 1986a, Diel patterns of cell division in marine Synechococcus spp. (Cyanobacteria): Use of the frequency of dividing cells technique to measure growth rate, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 32:139–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, L., and Carpenter, E. J., 1986b, Estimating the grazing pressure of heterotrophic nanoplankton on Synechococcus spp. using the sea water dilution technique and selective metabolic inhibitors, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 33:121–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, L., and Carpenter, E. J., 1987, Characterization of phycoerythrin-containing Synechococcus spp. populations by immunofluorescence, J. Plankton Res. 9:1167–1181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, L., Carpenter, E. J., and Iacono, V. J., 1983, Identification and enumeration of marine chroococcoid cyanobacteria by immunofluorescence, App. Environ. Microbiol. 46:553–559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caron, D. A., Pick, F. R., and Lean, D. R. S., 1985, Chroococcoid cyanobacteria in Lake Ontario: Vertical and seasonal distributions during 1982, J. Phycol. 21:171–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caron, D. A., Lin Lim, E., Miceli, G., Waterbury, J. B., and Valois, F. W., 1991, Grazing and utilization of chroococcoid cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria by protozoa in laboratory cultures and a coastal plankton community, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 76:205–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, E. J., and Campbell, L., 1988, Diel patterns of cell division and growth rates of Synechococcus spp. in Long Island Sound, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 47:179–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, F. P., Buck, K. R., and Barber, R. T., 1990, Phytoplankton taxa in relation to primary production in the equatorial Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. 37:1733–1752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm, S. W., Olson, R. J., Zettler, E. R., Goericke, R., Waterbury, J. B., and Welschmeyer, N. A., 1988, A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone, Nature 334:340–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm, S. W., and others, 1992, Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp.: An oxytrophic procaryote containing divinyl-chlorophyll b, Arch. Microbiol. 157:297–300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrzanowski, T. H., and Simek, K., 1990, Prey-size selection by freshwater flagellated protozoa, Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:1429–1436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, S. R., 1984, Productivity of algal picoplankton in a small meromictic lake, Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 22:351–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, S. R., 1987, The distribution and contribution of picoplankton to deep photosynthetic layers in some meromictic lakes, Acta Acad. Abo. 47:55–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushing, D. H., 1989, A difference in structure between ecosystems in strongly stratified waters and in those that are only weakly stratified, J. Plankton Res. 11:1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. G., Caron, D. A., Johnson, P. W., and Sieburth, J. M., 1985, Phototrophic and apochlorotic components of picoplankton and nanoplankton in the North Atlantic: Geographic, vertical, seasonal and diel distributions, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21:15–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, D. J., 1984, Microautoradiography-based enumeration of photosynthetic picoplankton with estimates of carbon-specific growth rates, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 14:223–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugdale, R. C., and Goering, J. J., 1967, Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity, Limnol. Oceanogr. 12:196–206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Hag, A. G. D., and Fogg, G. E., 1986, The distribution of coccoid blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in the Menai Straits and the Irish Sea, Br. Phycol. J. 21:45–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eppley, R. W., and Peterson, B. J., 1979, Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean, Nature 282:677–680.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, A., 1991, Cyanobacterial picoplankton from Lake Constance: I. Isolation by fluorescence characteristics, J. Plankton Res. 13:1307–1312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, A., Sandmann, G., Postius, C., Brass, S., Kenter, U., and Böger, P., 1992, Cyanobacterial picoplankton from Lake Constance. II. Classification of isolates by cell morphology and pigment composition, Bot. Acta 105:161–167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estep, K. W., Davis, P. G., Keller, M. D., and Sieburth, J. M., 1986, How important are oceanic algal nanoflagellates in bacterivory? Limnol. Oceanogr. 31:646–650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahnenstiel, G. L., Sicko-Goad, L., Scavia, D., and Stoermer, E. F., 1986, Importance of picoplankton in Lake Superior, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43:235–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahnenstiel, G. L., Carrick, H. J., and Iturriaga, R., 1991a, Physiological characteristics and food-web dynamics of Synechococcus in Lakes Huron and Michigan, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36:219–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahnenstiel, G. L., Carrick, H. J., Rogers, C. E., and Sicko-Goad, L., 1991b, Red fluorescing phototrophic picoplankton in the Laurentian Great Lakes: What are they and what are they doing? Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:603–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahnenstiel, G. L., Patton, T. R., Carrick, H. J., and McCormick, M. J., 1991c, Diel division cycle and growth rates of Synechococcus in Lakes Huron and Michigan, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol.76:657–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenchel, T., 1988, Marine Plankton food chains, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19:19–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogg, G. E., 1986, Picoplankton, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 228:1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furnas, M. J., 1991, Net in situ-growth rates of phytoplankton in an oligotrophic, tropical shelf ecosystem, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36:13–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaedke, U., and Schimmele, M., 1991, Internal seiches in Lake Constance: Influence on plankton abundance at a fixed sampling site, J. Plankton Res. 13:743–754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geller, W., and Müller, H., 1981, The Filtration apparatus of cladocera: Filter mesh-sizes and their implications of food selectivity, Oecologia 49:316–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gieskes, W. W. C., Kraay, G. W., Nontji, A., Setiapermana, D., and Sutomo, 1988, Monsoonal alternation of a mixed and a layered structure in the phytoplankton of the euphotic zone of the Banda Sea (Indonesia): A mathematical analysis of algal pigment fingerprints, Neth. J. Sea Res. 22:123–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giovannoni, S. J., Britschgi, T. B., Moyer, C. L., and Field, K. G., 1990, Genetic diversity in Sargasso Sea bacterioplankton, Nature 345:60–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glibert, P. M., and Ray, R. T., 1990, Different patterns of growth and nitrogen uptake in two clones of marine Synechococcus, Mar. Biol. 107:273–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, H. E., 1985, The physiology and ecology of the marine cyanobacterial genus Synechococcus,in: Advances in Aquatic Microbiology (H. W. Jannasch and P. J. L. Williams, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 49–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, H. E., Campbell, L., and Prezelin, B. B., 1986a, Contribution of Synechococcus to size-fractioned primary productivity in three water masses in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Biol. 91:193–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, H. E., Keller, M. D., and Guillard, R. L., 1986b, Light quality and oceanic ultraphytoplank-ters, Nature 319:142–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, H. E., Keller, M. D., and Spinrad, R. W., 1987, The effects of light quality and intensity on photosynthesis and growth of marine eukaryotic and prokaryotic phytoplankton clones, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 105:137–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, H. E., Prezelin, B. B., Campbell, L., Wyman, M., and Garside, C., 1988a, Observations on a nitrate-dependent Synechococcus bloom in surface Sargasso Sea water, Nature 331:161–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, H. E., Prezelin, B. B., Campbell, L., and Wyman, M., 1988b, Pico- and ultraplankton Sargasso Sea communities: Variability and comparative distributions of Synechococcus spp. and algae, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 49:127-139. Goericke, R., and Repeta, D. J., 1992, The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: The presence of divinyl chlorophyll a and b in a marine procaryote, Limnol. Oceanogr. 37:425–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, J. M., Sherr, E. B., and Sherr, B. F., 1990, Size-selective grazing on bacteria by natural assemblages of estuarine flagellates and ciliates, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:583–589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gophen, M., and Geller, W., 1984, Filter mesh size and food particle uptake by Daphnia, Oecologia 64:408–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gradinger, R., Weisse, T., and Pillen, T., 1992, Significance of picocyanobacteria in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, Bot. Mar. 35:245–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, A. J., 1984, A descriptive numericlature for isolates of cyanobacteria, Br. Phycol. J. 19:233–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Güde, H., 1989, The role of grazing on bacteria in plankton succession, in: Plankton Ecology (U. Sommer, ed.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 337–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagström, A., Azam, F., Andersson, A., Wikner, J., and Rassoulzadegan, F., 1988, Microbial loop in an oligotrophic pelagic marine ecosystem: Possible roles of cyanobacteria and nanoflagellates in the organic fluxes, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 49:171–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. A., 1991, Long-term preservation of picophytoplankton for counting by fluorescence microscopy,Br. Phycol. J. 26:169–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. A., and Vincent, W. F., 1990, Vertical and horizontal structure in the picoplankton communities of a coastal upwelling system, Mar. Biol. 106:465–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, G. R. W., and Whitton, B. A., 1991, Seasonal changes in chlorophyll-containing picoplankton populations of ten lakes in northern England, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:545–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, F. P., 1985, Interacting effects of light and nutrient limitation on the growth rate of Syn-echococcus linearis (Cyanophyceae), J. Phycol. 21:134–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbland, A., and Le Bouteiller, A., 1981, The size distribution of phytoplankton and particulate organic matter in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean: Importance of ultraseston and consequences, J. Plankton Res. 3:659–673.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iturriaga, R., and Marra, J., 1988, Temporal and spatial variability of chroococcoid cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. specific growth rates and their contribution to primary production in the Sargasso Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 44:175–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iturriaga, R., and Mitchell, B. G., 1986, Chroococcoid cyanobacteria: A significant component in the food web dynamics of the open ocean, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28:291–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jochem, F., 1988, On the distribution and importance of picocyanobacteria in a boreal inshore area (Kiel Bight, western Baltic), J. Plankton Res. 10:1009–1022.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jochem, F., 1990, Zur Struktur und Dynamik autotropher Ultraplankton-Gemeinschaften in marinen Warmwasser-Ökosystemen, Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Kiel 195:1–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. W., and Sieburth, J. M., 1979, Chroococcoid cyanobacteria in the sea: A ubiquitous and diverse phototrophic biomass, Limnol. Oceanogr. 24:928–935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. W., and Sieburth, J. M., 1982, In-situ morphology and occurrence of eucaryotic phototrophs of bacterial size in the picoplankton of estuarine and oceanic waters, J. Phycol. 18:318–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. W., Huai-Shu, X., and Sieburth, J. M., 1982, The utilization of chroococcoid cyanobacteria by marine protozooplankters but not by calanoid copepods, Ann. Orst. Inst. Oceanogr. Paris 58:297–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kana, T. M., and Glibert, P. M., 1987, Effect of irradiances up to 2000 µE m-2 s-1 on marine Synechococcus WH7803-I. Growth, pigmentation, and cell composition, Deep-Sea Res. 34:479–495.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennaway, G. M. A., and Edwards, G., 1989, Seasonal and vertical distribution of picoplankton in Llyn Padarn, Gwynedd, Br. Phycol. J. 24:375–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klut, M. E., and Stockner, J. G., 1990, Virus-like particles in an ultraoligotrophic lake on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:725–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krempin, D. W., and Sullivan, C. W., 1981, The seasonal abundance, vertical distribution, and relative microbial biomass of chroococcoid cyanobacteria at a station in southern California coastal waters, Can. J. Microbiol. 27:1341–1344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudoh, S., Kanada, J., and Takahashi, M., 1990, Specific growth rates and grazing mortality of chroococcoid cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. in pelagic surface waters in the sea, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 142:201–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S. K., Vincent, W. F., Austin, P. C, and Wake, G. C, 1991, Picoplankton and marine food chain dynamics in a variable mixed-layer: A reaction-diffusion model, Ecol. Modelling 57:193–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuosa, H., 1988, Occurrence of autotrophic picoplankton along an open sea-inner archipelago gradient in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Ophelia 28:85–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuosa, H., 1991a, Protozoan grazing on picophytoplankton and nanophytoplankton in the northern Baltic Sea: Direct evidence from epifluorescence microscopy, Arch. Hydrobiol. 119:257–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuosa, H., 1991b, Picoplanktonic algae in the northern Baltic Sea: Seasonal dynamics and flagellate grazing, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 73:269–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampert, W., and Schober, U., 1978, Das regelmä?ige Auftreten von Frühjahrsalgen-Maximum and “Klarwasserstadium” im Bodensee als Folge von klimatischen Bedingungen und Wechsel-wirkugen zwischen Phyto- und Zooplankton, Arch. Hydrobiol. 82:364–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landry, M. R., Haas, L. W., and Fagerness, V. L., 1984, Dynamics of microbial plankton communities: Experiments in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 16:127–133.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laval, M., 1971, Ultrastructure et mode de nutrition du choanoflagelle Salpingoeca pelagica sp. nov. Comparison avec les choanocytes des sporangiares, Protistologica 7:325–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws, E. A., Redalje, D. G., Haas, L. W., Bienfang, P. K., Eppley, R. W., Harrison, W. G., Karl, D. M., and Marra, J., 1984, High phytoplankton growth rates in oligotrophic Hawaiian coastal waters, Limnol. Oceanogr. 29:1161–1169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz, J., 1992, Microbial loop, microbial food web and classical food chain: Their significance in pelagic marine ecosystems, Arch. Hydrobiol. 37:265–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leppard, G. G., Urciuoli, D., and Pick, F. R., 1987, Characterization of cyanobacterial picoplankton in Lake Ontario by transmission electron microscopy, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44:2173–2177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. K. W., and Dickie, P. M., 1991, Relationship between the number of dividing and nondividing cells of cyanobacteria in North Atlantic picoplankton, J. Phycol. 27:559–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. K. W., and Wood, A. M., 1988, Vertical distribution of North Atlantic ultraphytoplankton: Analysis by flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy, Deep-Sea Res. 35:1615–1638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. K. W., Lewis, M. R., and Lister, A., 1992, Flow cytometric detection of prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria in the Gulf of Policastro, Italy, Arch. Hydrobiol. 124:309–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lochte, K., and Turley, C. M., 1988, Bacteria and cyanobacteria associated with phytodetritus in the deep sea, Nature 333:67–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDuff, R. E., and Chisholm, S. W., 1982, The calculation of in situ growth rates of phytoplankton populations from fractions of cells undergoing mitosis: A clarification, Limnol. Oceanogr. 27:783–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maeda, H., Kawai, A., and Tilzer, M. M., 1992, The water bloom of cyanobacterial picoplankton in Lake Biwa, Japan, Hydrobiologia 248:93–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinsky-Rushansky, N., and Berman, T., 1991, Picocyanobacteria and bacteria in Lake Kinneret, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol 76:555–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazumder, A., McQueen, D. J., Taylor, W. D., Lean, D. R. S., and Dickman, M. D., 1990, Microzooplankton and mesozooplankton grazing on natural picoplankton and nanoplankton in contrasting plankton communities produced by planktovore manipulation and fertilization,Arch. Hydrobiol. 118:257–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitsui, A., Kumazawa, S., Takahashi, A., Ikemoto, H., Cao, S., and Arai, T., 1986, Strategy by which nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria grow photoautotrophically, Nature 323:720–722.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moloney, C. L., and Field, J. G., 1991a, The size-based dynamics of plankton food webs. I. A simulation model of carbon and nitrogen flow, J. Plankton Res. 13:1003–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moloney, C. L., and Field, J. G., 1991b, The size-based dynamics of plankton food webs. II. Simulation of three contrasting southern Benguela food webs, J. Plankton Res. 13:1039–1092.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moloney, C. L., and Field, J. G., 1991c, Modelling carbon and nitrogen flows in a microbial plankton community, in: Protozoa and Their Role in Marine Processes (P. C. Reid, C. M. Turley, and P. H. Burkill, eds.), NATO ASI Series, Volume G 25, Springer, Berlin, pp. 443–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, I., and Glover, H. E., 1981, Physiology of photosynthesis by marine coccoid cyanobacteria-Some ecological implications, Limnol. Oceanogr. 26:957–961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, H., Schöne, A., Pinto-Coelho, R. M., Schweizer, A., and Weisse, T., 1991, Seasonal succession of ciliates in Lake Constance, Microb. Ecol. 21:119–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, L. S., and Haugen, E. M., 1985, The distribution and abundance of phototrophic ultra-plankton in the North Atlantic, Limnol. Oceanogr. 30:47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, T., 1986, The seasonal abundance and vertical distribution of the < 3-µm phytoplankton in the North Basin of Lake Biwa, Ecol. Res. 1:207–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, T., 1988, The microflagellate-picoplankton food linkage in the water column of Lake Biwa, Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:504–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, T., 1990, Contribution of picoplankton to the grazer food chain of Lake Biwa, in: Large Lakes-Ecological Structure and Function (M. M. Tilzer and C. Serruya, eds.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 526–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neveux, J., Vaulot, D., Courties, C., and Fukai, E., 1989, Green photosynthetic bacteria associated with the deep chlorophyll maximum in the Sargasso Sea, C. R. Acad. Sci 308:9–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, G. J., 1990, Variation among the masses, Nature 345:20–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. J., Vaulot, D., and Chisholm, S. W., 1985, Marine phytoplankton distributions measured using shipboard flow cytometry, Deep-Sea Res. 32:1273–1280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. J., Chisholm, S. W., Zettler, E. R., Altabet, M. A., and Dusenberry, J. A., 1990a, Spatial and temporal distributions of prochlorophyte picoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. 37:1033–1051.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. J., Chisholm, S. W., Zettler, E. R., and Armbrust, E. V., 1990b, Pigments, size, and distribution of Synechococcus in the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:45–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paerl, H. W., 1991, Ecophysiological and trophic implications of light-stimulated amino acid utilization in marine picoplankton, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:473–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, F. O., Haas, L. W., Philipps, D. E., and Webb, K. L., 1981, Ultrastructure of a marine Synechococcus possessing spinae, Can. J. Microbiol. 27:318–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, R., 1991, Carbon-14 uptake by picoplankton and total phytoplankton in eight New Zealand lakes, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:631–641.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pick, F. R., and Agbeti, M., 1991, The seasonal dynamics and composition of photosynthetic picoplankton communities in temperate lakes in Ontario, Canada, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol.76:565–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pick, F. R., and Berube, C., 1992, Diel cycles in the frequency of dividing cells of freshwater picocyanobacteria, J. Plankton Res. 14:1193–1198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pick, F. R., and Lean, D. R. S., 1987, The role of macronutrients (C,N,P) in controlling cyanobacterial dominance in temperate lakes, N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 21:425–434.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platt, T., and Li, W. K. W. (eds.), 1986, Photosynthetic picoplankton, Can. Bull, Fish. Aquat. Sci. 214

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt, T., Subba Rao, D. V., and Irwin, B., 1983, Photosynthesis of picoplankton in the oligotrophic ocean, Nature 301:702–704.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, K. G., 1988, Phagotrophic phytoflagellates in microbial food webs, Hydrobiologia 159:89–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, K. G., Paerl, H., Hodson, R., Pace, M., Priscu, J., Riemann, B., Scavia, D., and Stockner, J., 1988, Microbial interactions in lake foodwebs, in: Complex Interactions in Lake Communities (S. R. Carpenter, ed.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 234–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prezelin, B. B., and Glover, H. E., 1991, Variability in time/space estimates of phytoplankton, biomass and productivity in the Sargasso Sea (North Atlantic Ocean), J. Plankton Res. 13(Suppl.):S45–S68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prezelin, B. B., Putt, M., and Glover, H. E., 1986, Diurnal patterns in photosynthetic capacity and depth-dependent photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in Synechococcus spp. and larger phytoplankton in three water masses in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Biol. 91:205–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prezelin, B. B., Glover, H. E., and Campbell, L., 1987, Effects of light intensity and nutrient availability on diel patterns of cell metabolism and growth in populations of Synechococcus spp., Mar. Biol 95:469–480.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, L. M., and Fuhrman, J. A., 1990, Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria, Nature 343:60–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, L. M., and Fuhrman, J. A., 1991, Roles of viral infection in organic particle flux, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69:133–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Psenner, R., 1990, From image analysis to chemical analysis of bacteria: A long-term study? Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:234–237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putt, M., and Prezelin, B. B., 1985, Observations of diel patterns of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and nanoplankton in the Santa Barbara Channel during ‘el Nino,’ J. Plankton Res. 7:779–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J. A., 1986, Physiological consequences of extremely small size for autotrophic organisms in the sea, Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 214:1–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhode, W., 1955, Productivity: Can plankton production proceed during winter darkness in subarctic lakes? Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 12:117–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rippka, R., 1988, Recognition and identification of cyanobacteria, Methods Enzymol. 167:28–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rippka, R., and Cohen-Bazire, G., 1983, The Cyanobacteriales: A legitimate order based on the type strain Cyanobacterium stanieri? Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 134B:21–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rippka, R., Deruelles, J., Waterbury, J. B., Herdman, M., and Stanier, R. Y., 1979, Generic assignments, strain histories, and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria, J. Gen. Microbiol. 111:1–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, R. W., 1991, Trophic strategies among heterotrophic flagellates, Syst. Assoc. Spec. Vol. 45:21–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, R. W., and Porter, K. G., 1988, Phagotrophic phytoflagellates, Adv. Microb. Ecol. 10:167–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, R. W., Porter, K. G., Bennett, S. J., and DeBiase, A. E., 1989, Seasonal patterns of bacterivory by flagellates, ciliates, rotifers, and cladocerans in a freshwater plankton community, Limnol. Oceanogr. 34:673–687.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer, A., 1993, Die Ökologie des autotrophen Picoplanktons im Bodensee, Ph.D. thesis, University of Konstanz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer, A., and Heusel, R., 1992, Picoplankton photosynthesis and diurnal variations in photosynthesis-irradiance relationship in a eutrophic and meso-oligotrophic lake, Hydrobiologia 238:131–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherr, E. B., Sherr, B. F., Berman, T., and Hadas, O., 1991a, High abundance of picoplankton-ingesting ciliates during late fall in Lake Kinneret, Israel, J. Plankton Res. 13:789–799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherr, E. B., Sherr, B. F., and McDaniel, J., 1991b, Clearance rates of less-than-6 µm fluorescently labeled algae (FLA) by estuarine protozoa-Potential grazing impact of flagellates and ciliates, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69:81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shortreed, K. S., and Stockner, J. G., 1990, Effect of nutrient additions on lower trophic levels of an oligotrophic lake with a seasonal deep chlorophyll maximum, Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:262–273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sieburth, J. M., Smetacek, V., and Lenz, J., 1978, Pelagic ecosystem structure: Heterotrophic compartments of the plankton and their relationship to plankton size fractions, Limnol. Ocean-ogr. 23:1256–1263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Søndergaard, M., 1990, Picophytoplankton in Danish lakes, Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 24:609–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Søndergaard, M., 1991, Phototrophic picoplankton in temperate lakes: Seasonal abundance and importance along a trophic gradient, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:505–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanier, R. Y., Ingraham, J. I., Wheelis, M. L., and Painter, P. R., 1986, The Microbial World ,5th ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterner, R. W., 1989, The role of grazers in phytoplankton succession, in: Plankton Ecology (U. Sommer, ed.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 337–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., 1987, Lake fertilization: The enrichment cycle and lake sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) production, Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96:198–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., 1988, Phototrophic picoplankton: An overview from marine and freshwater ecosystems.Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:765–775.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G. (ed.), 1991a, Autotrophic picoplankton in freshwater ecosystems, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76(4), special issue.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., 1991b, Autotrophic picoplankton in freshwater ecosystems: The view from the summit, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:483–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., and Antia, N. J., 1986, Algal picoplankton from marine and freshwater ecosystems: A multidisciplinary perspective, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43:2472–2503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., and Porter, K. G., 1988, Microbial food webs in freshwater planktonic ecosystems, in: Complex Interactions in Lake Communities (S. R. Carpenter, ed.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 69–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., and Shortreed, K. S., 1988, Response of Anabaena and Synechococcus to manipulation of nitrogen:phosphorus ratios in a lake fertilization experiment, Limnol. Oceanogr. 33:1348–1361.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., and Shortreed, K. S., 1989, Algal picoplankton production and contribution to food webs in oligotrophic British Columbia lakes, Hydrobiologia 173:151–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., and Shortreed, K. S., 1991, Autotrophic picoplankton: Community composition, abundance and distribution across a gradient of oligotrophic British Columbia and Yukon Territory lakes, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:581–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suttle, C. A., 1987, Effects of nutrient patchiness and N:P supply ratios on the ecology and physiology of freshwater phytoplankton, Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suttle, C. A., Chan, A. M., and Cottrell, M. T., 1990, Infection of phytoplankton by viruses and reduction of primary productivity, Nature 347:467–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suttle, C. A., Chan, A. M., and Cottrell, M. T., 1991, Use of ultrafiltration to isolate viruses from seawater which are the pathogens of marine phytoplankton, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:721– 726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, B. M., and Borgese, M. B., 1989, A circadian rhythm in cell division in a prokaryote, the cyanobacterium Synechococcus WH7803, J. Phycol. 25:183–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, M., and Bienfang, P. K., 1983, Size structure of phytoplankton biomass and photosynthesis in subtropical and tropical Hawaiian waters, Mar. Biol. 76:203–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. H., and Joint, I., 1990, A steady-state analysis of the ’microbial loop’ in stratified systems, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 59:1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thingstad, F., and Sakshaug, E., 1990, Control of phytoplankton growth in nutrient recycling ecosystems. Theory and terminology, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 63:261–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Liere, L., Breebaart, L., and Dullemont, Y. J., 1989, Determining the relative number of prochlorophytes in lake phytoplankton using epifluorescence microscopy, Br. Phycol. J. 24:391–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaulot, D., Courties, C., and Partensky, F., 1989, A simple method to preserve oceanic phytoplankton for flow cytometric analyses, Cytometry 10:629–635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaulot, D., Partensky, F., Neveux, J., Mantoura, R. F. C., and Llewellyn, C. A., 1990, Winter presence of prochlorophytes in surface waters of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:1156–1164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veldhuis, M. J. W., and Kraay, G. W., 1990, Vertical distribution and pigment composition of a picoplanktonic prochlorophyte in the subtropical North Atlantic: A combined study of HPLC-analysis of pigments and flow cytometry, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 68:121–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verity, P. G., and Villareal, T. A., 1986, The relative food value of diatoms, dinoflagellates, flagellates, and cyanobacteria for tintinnid ciliates, Arch. Protistenkd. 131:71–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernet, M. Mitchell, B. G., and Holm-Hansen, O., 1990, Adaptation of Synechococcus in situ determined by variability in intracellular phycoerythrin-543 at a coastal station off the Southern California coast, USA, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 63:9–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vörös, L., Gulyas, P., and Nemeth, J., 1991, Occurrence, dynamics and production of picoplankton in Hungarian shallow lakes, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:617–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, D. M., Weller, R., and Bateson, M. M., 1990, 16S rRNA sequences reveal numerous uncultured microorganisms in a natural community, Nature 345:63–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waterbury, J. B., Watson, S. W., Valois, F. W., and Franks, D. G., 1986, Biological and ecological characterization of the marine unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus, Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 214:71–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehr, J. D., 1991, Nutrient and grazer-mediated effects on picoplankton and size structure in phytoplankton communities, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:643–656.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisse, T., 1988, Dynamics of autotrophic picoplankton in Lake Constance, J. Plankton Res. 10:1179–1188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisse, T., 1989, The microbial loop in the Red Sea: Dynamics of pelagic bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 55:241–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisse, T., 1991a, The annual cycle of hetertrophic freshwater nanoflagellates: Role of bottom-up versus top-down control, J. Plankton Res. 13:167–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisse, T., 1991b, The microbial food web and its sensitivity to eutrophication and contaminant enrichment: A cross-system overview, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:327–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisse, T., and Kenter, U., 1991, Ecological characteristics of autotrophic picoplankton in a pre-alpine lake, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 76:493–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisse, T., and Munawar, M., 1989, Evaluation of the microbial loop in the North American Great Lakes, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1709:1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisse, T., and Schweizer, A., 1991, Seasonal and interannual variation of autotrophic picoplankton in a large prealpine lake (Lake Constance), Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 24:821–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisse, T., Müller, H., Pinto-Coelho, R. M., Schweizer, A., Springmann, D., and Baldringer, G., 1990, Response of the microbial loop to the phytoplankton spring bloom in a large prealpine lake, Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:781–794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikner, J., Rassoulzadegan, F., and Hagström, A., 1990, Periodic bacterivore activity balances bacterial growth in the marine environment, Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:313–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. J. L., 1981, Incorporation of microheterotrophic processes into the classical paradigm of the planktonic food web, Kiel. Meeresforsch. Sonderh. 5:11–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., and Townsend, D., 1990, DNA polymorphism within the WH7803 serogroup of marine Synechococcus spp. (cyanobacteria), J. Phycol. 26:576–585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman, M., Gregory, R. P. F., and Carr, N. G., 1985, Novel role for phycoerythrin in a marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus strain DC-2, Science 230:818–820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weisse, T. (1993). Dynamics of Autotrophic Picoplankton in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. In: Jones, J.G. (eds) Advances in Microbial Ecology. Advances in Microbial Ecology, vol 13. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2858-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2858-6_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6238-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2858-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics