Abstract
Some 70 years ago, after the War of Independence and a bloody civil war, Ireland was partitioned with the 6 Northern counties, from a total of 32, remaining British counties within the United Kingdom. Eventually, the other 26 counties became the independent Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland, a local Parliament Stormont governed the Northern State with a guaranteed majority of Loyalists committed to the union with Great Britain. Approximately two thirds of Northern Ireland’s population were of the Protestant faith (Loyalist/Unionist) and one third were Catholics (Republican/Nationalist). Over the decades, there were periodically modest Republican campaigns of violence waged against the Northern State, usually waning through lack of support from the existing Nationalist minority in Northern Ireland.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
Atkinson, R. M., Henderson, R. G., Sparr, L. F., & Deale, S. (1982). Assessment of Vietnam veterans for post-traumatic stress disorder in Veterans administration disability claims. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1118–1121.
Bell, P., Kee, M., Loughrey, G. C., Roddy, R. J., & Curran, P. S. (1988). Post-traumatic stress in Northern Ireland. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 166–169.
Birkheimer, L. J., & Devane, C. L. (1985). Post-traumatic stress disorder characteristics and pharmacological response in the veteran population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 26, 304–310.
Blake, D. J. (1986). Treatment of acute post-traumatic stress disorder with tricyclic anti-depressants. Southern Medical journal, 79, 201–204.
Blanchard, E. B., Kolb, L. C., Pallmeyer, T. P., & Gerardi, R. J. (1982). A psychophysiological study of post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Psychiatric Quarterly, 54, 220–229.
Boman, B. (1985). Post-traumatic stress disorder and concurrent psychiatric illness among Australian Vietnam veterans: A controlled study. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 131, 128–131.
Breslau, N., & Davis, G. C. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder. The Stressor criterion, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 255–276.
Brett, E. A., & Mangine, W. (1985). Imagery and combat stress in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173, 309–311.
Burstein, A. (1988). Differences among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder [Letter to the editor]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145 (6)}, 770–771.
Curran, P. S. (1988). Psychiatric aspects of terrorist violence. Northern Ireland 1969-1987. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 470–475.
Davidson, J., Swartz, M., Storck, M., Krishnan, R. R., & Hammette, E. (1985). A diagnostic and family study of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 90–93.
Escobar, J. I., Randolph, E. T., Puente, G., Spinak, F., Asamen, J. K., Hill, M., & Hough, R. C. (1983). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Hispanic Vietnam veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 585–596.
Friedman, M. J. (1988). Towards rational pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: An interim report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 281–285.
Friedman, M. J., Schneiderman, C. K., Nest, A. N., & Corson, J. A. (1986). Measurement of combat exposure. Posttraumatic stress disorder and life stress in Vietnam combat veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 537–539.
Glover, H. (1984). Survival guilt and the Vietnam veteran, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172, 393–397.
Heizer, J. E., Robins, L. N., & McEvoy, L. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1630–1634.
Hogben, G. L., & Cornfield, R. B. (1981). Treatment of traumatic war neurosis with phenelzine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 440–445.
Horowitz, M. J. (1976). Stress response syndromes. New York: Jason Aronso
Kee, M., Bell, P., Loughrey, G. C., Roddy, J. R., & Curran, P. S. (1987). Victims of violence: A demographic and clinical study. Medical Science Law, 27 (4)}, 241–247.
Kudler, H., Davidson, J., Meador, K., Upper, S., & Ely, T. (1987). The DST and post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1068–1071.
Laufer, R. S., Brett, E., & Gallops, M. S. (1984). Post-traumatic stress disorder reconsidered: Post-traumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans. In B. van der Kolk (Ed.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychological and biological sequelae. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Laufer, R. S., Brett, E., & Gallops, M. S. (1985). Symptom pattern associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans exposed to war trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 1304–1311.
Lindy, J. D., Green, B. C., & Grace, M. C. (1987). Commentary. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 269–272.
Loughrey, G. C., Bell, P., Kee, M., Roddy, R. J., & Curran, P. S. (1988). Post-traumatic stress disorder and civil violence in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 554–560.
Loughrey, G. C., & Curran, P. S. (1987). Psychopathology of civil disorder. In A. M. Dawson & G. M. Besser (Eds.), Recent advances of medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
MacFarlane, A. C. (1988). The phenomenology of posttraumatic stress disorders following a natural disaster. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 22–29.
Sierles, F. S., Chen, J. J., McFarland, R. E., & Taylor, M. A. (1983). Post-traumatic stress disorder and concurrent psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1177–1179.
Silver, S. H., & Iacono, C. U. (1984). Factor analytic support for DSM-III post-traumatic stress disorder for Vietnam veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 5–14.
Spitzer, R. S., & Williams, J. B. W. (1985). Classification of mental disorders. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadlock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (4th ed., Vol. 1). Baltimore: Williams and Williams.
Ursano, R. J. (1987). Commentary. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 273–275.
van Der Kolk, B. A., Greenberg, M., Boyd, H., & Krystal, J. (1985). Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters and addiction to trauma: Toward a psychobiology of post-traumatic stress. Biological Psychiatry, 20, 314–325.
Van Kampen, M., Watson, C. G., Tilleskjor, C., Kucala, T., & Vassar, P. (1986). The definition of post-traumatic stress disorder in alcoholic Vietnam veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 137–144.
Van Putten, T., & Yager, J. (1984). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 411–413.
Wilson, J. P. (1989). Trauma, transformation, and healing. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Wilson, J. P., Harel, Z., & Kahana, B. (1988). Human adaptation to extreme stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam. New York: Plenum Press.
World Health Organization. (1978). Mental disorders: Glossary and guide to their classification in accordance with the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). Geneva: Author.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loughrey, G.C., Curran, P.S., Bell, P. (1993). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Civil Violence in Northern Ireland. In: Wilson, J.P., Raphael, B. (eds) International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6219-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2820-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive