Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sun exposure and the epidemiology of melanoma

  • Chapter
Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma

Part of the book series: Developments in Oncology ((DION,volume 73))

Abstract

Individual risk of melanoma depends on two sets of factors: characteris tics of each subject such as his or her racial origin, pigmentation, skin reaction to sunlight, nevus and freckle density; and characteristics of the environment in which he or she lives. The only well established environmental causal factor for melanoma is sun exposure, with there being considerable evidence for a complementary effect of artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR). In this review, the emphasis is on the role of ultraviolet radiation as a modifiable cause of melanoma. This review incorporates and updates material from earlier reports, [1–5], and data from the IARC Monograph on Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation [6]. A number of other very useful reviews are available, [7–19].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Elwood JM. Initiation and promotion actions of ultraviolet radiation on malignant melanoma. In: Borzsonyi M, Day NE, Lapis K, Yamasaki H, eds. Models, Mechanisms and Etiology of Tumor Promotion IARC Scientific Publication No.56. Lyon:MRC-OUP, 1984:421–525.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Elwood JM. The epidemiology of melanoma: Its relationship to ultra violet radiation and ozone depletion. In: Russell-Jones R, Wigley T, eds. Ozone Depletion: Health and Environmental Consequences. London:Wiley, 1989:169–189.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Elwood JM, Whitehead SM, Gallagher RP. Epidemiology of human malignant skin tumours with special reference to natural and artificial ultraviolet radiation exposures. In: Conti CJ, Klein-Szanto AJP, Slaga TJ, eds. Skin tumours; Experimental and clinical aspects. Carcinogenesis: A comprehensive survey volume II. New York. Raven Press, 1989:55–84.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Elwood JM. Epidemiology and control of melanoma in white populations and in Japan. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:214S–221S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Elwood JM. Melanoma and sun exposure: contrasts between intermittent and chronic exposure. World J Surg 1992; 16:157–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation; volume 55. Lyon: IARC, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lee JAH. Melanoma and exposure to sunlight. Epidemiol Rev 1982; 4:110–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee JAH. Melanoma. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Philadelphia:Saunders, 1982:984–995.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lee JAH. Etiology, risk factors, epidemiology, and public health issues in melanoma and other cutaneous neoplasms. Curr Opin Oncol 1992; 4:347–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Armstrong BK. Melanoma of the skin. Br Med Bull 1984; 40(4):346–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Armstrong BK, Holman CDJ. Malignant melanoma of the skin. Bull World Health Organization 1987; 65:245–252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Armstrong BK. Epidemiology of malignant melanoma: intermittent or total accumulated exposure to the sun? J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1988; 14:835–849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Armstrong BK, English DR. Cutaneous malignant melanoma. In: Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 2nd Edition, Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, (eds). Oxford University Press N.Y. (In Press).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Koh HK. Cutaneous melanoma. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:171–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Jensen OM, Osterlind A. Host-environment interactions of malignant melanoma of the skin. In: Fortner JG, Rhoads JE, eds. Accomplishments in Cancer Research 1988. Philadelphia:J.B. Lippincott Company, 1988:167–188.

    Google Scholar 

  16. MacKie RM, Elwood JM, Hawk JLM. Links between exposure to ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1987; 21:91–96.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Sober AJ. Solar exposure in the etiology of cutaneous melanoma. Photodermatol 1987; 4:23–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee JAH. The relationship between malignant melanoma of skin and exposure to sunlight. Photochem Photobiol 1989; 50:493–496.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Elder DE. Human melanocytic neoplasms and their etiologic relationship with sunlight. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:297S–303S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Newell GR, Sider JG, Bergfeit L, Kripke ML. Incidence of cutaneous melanoma in the United States by histology with special reference to the face. Cancer Res 1988; 48:5036–5041.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. McGovern VJ, Shaw HM, Milton GW, Farago GA. Is malignant melanoma arising in a Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle a separate disease entity? Histopath 1980; 4:235–242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Holman CDJ, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ. A theory of the etiology and pathogenesis of human cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71:651–656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Worth AJ, Wood WS, Pearson JCG. Etiological differences between subtypes of cutaneous malignant melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 78:37–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. McGovern VJ, Cochran AJ, Van der Esch EP, Little JH, MacLennan R. The classification of malignant melanoma, its histological reporting and registration: A revision of the 1972 Sydney classification. Pathology 1986; 18:12–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Muir C, Waterhouse J, Mack T, Powell J, Whelan S (eds). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume 5 (IARC Scientific Publications No. 88). Lyon: IARC, 1987

    Google Scholar 

    Google Scholar 

  26. Lehmann AR. Cockaynes’s syndrome and trichothiodystrophy: defective repair without cancer. Cancer Rev 1987; 7:82–103.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Hill GB, Spinelli JJ, Pearson JCG, Threlfall W. Pigmentation and skin reaction to sun as risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study. Br Med J 1984; 288:99–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Holman CDJ, Armstrong BK. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and indicators of total accumulated exposure to the sun: An analysis separating histogenetic types. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 73:75–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Krishnamurthy S. The geography of non-ocular malignant melanoma in India: its association with latitude, ozone levels and UV light exposure. Int J Cancer 1992; 51:169–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Elwood JM, Lee JAH, Walter SD, Mo T, Green AES. Relationship of melanoma and other skin cancer mortality to latitude and ultraviolet radiation in the United States and Canada. Int J Epidemiol 1974; 3:325–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Jensen OM, Carstensen B, Glattre E, Malker B, Pukkala E, Tulinius H. Atlas of cancer incidence in the Nordic countries. The cancer societies of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden: Nordic cancer union, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  32. Magnus K. Incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in the five Nordic countries: Significance of solar radiation. Int J Cancer 1977; 20:477–485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Magnus K. The Nordic profile of skin cancer incidence. A comparative epidemiological study of the three main types of skin cancer. Int J Cancer 1991; 47:12–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lancaster HO. Some geographical aspects of the mortality from melanoma in Europeans. Med J Aust 1956; June 30:1082–1087.

    Google Scholar 

  35. National Research Council. Causes and effects of stratospheric ozone reduction: an update. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  36. Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Stone BJ, Jensen OM. The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. II. Importance of UV-light exposure. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:319–324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Green AC, Siskind V. Geographical distribution of cutaneous melanoma in Queensland. Med J Aust 1983; 1:407–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Green AC. Sun exposure and the risk of melanoma. Aust J Dermatol 1984; 25:99–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Graham S, Marshall J, Haughey B, Stoll H, Zielezny M, Brasure J, West D. An inquiry into the epidemiology of melanoma. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122:606–619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Weinstock MA, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Bronstein BR, Mihm MC,Jr., Speizer FE. Nonfamilial cutaneous melanoma incidence in women associated with sun exposure before 20 years of age. Pediatrics 1989; 84:199–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. McCredie M, Coates M. Cancer Incidence in Migrants to New South Wales, 1972–1984. New South Wales: NSW Central Cancer Registry, NSW Cancer Council, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  42. Khlat M, Vail A, Parkin M, Green A. Mortality from melanoma in migrants to Australia: variation by age at arrival and duration of stay. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135:1103–1113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Holman CDJ, Armstrong BK. Pigmentary traits, ethnic origin, benign nevi, and family history as risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 72:257–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cooke KR, Fraser J. Migration and death from malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 1985; 36:175–178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Movshovitz M, Modan B. Role of sun exposure in the etiology of malignant melanoma: Epidemiologic inference. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973; 51:777–779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. International Agency for Research on Cancer. The role of the registry in cancer control. Lyon: IARC, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  47. Mack TM, Floderus B. Malignant melanoma risk by nativity, place of residence at diagnosis, and age at migration. Cancer Causes and Control 1991; 2:401–411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hinds MW, Kolonel LN. Malignant melanoma of the skin in Hawaii, 1960–1977. Cancer 1980; 45:811–817.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lee JAH, Merrill JM. Sunlight and the aetiology of malignant melanoma: A synthesis. Med J Aust 1970; 2:846–851.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lee JAH, Storer BE. Excess of malignant melanomas in women in the British Isles. Lancet 1980; 2:1337–1339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Elwood JM, Lee JAH. Recent data on the epidemiology of malignant melanoma. Semin Oncol 1975; 2:149–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Lee JAH. Re: “Mathematical models of age and ultraviolet effects on the incidence of skin cancer among whites in the United States”(letter). Am J Epidemiol 1978; 107:259–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Threlfall WJ, Spinelli JJ, Fincham S, Hill GB. Socioeconomic status, sunlight exposure, and risk of malignant melanoma: The Western Canada Melanoma Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 79:647–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Lee PY, Silverman MK, Rigel DS, Vossaert KA, Kopf AW, Bart RS, Garfinkel L, Levenstein MJ. Level of education and the risk of malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26:59–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kirkpatrick CS, Lee JAH, White E. Melanoma risk by age and socio-economic status. Int J Cancer 1990; 46:1–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Garland FC, Garland CF. Occupational sunlight exposure and melanoma in the U.S. Navy. Arch Environ Health 1990; 45:261–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Yang CP. Is chronic sunlight exposure important in accounting for increases in melanoma incidence? Int J Cancer 1989; 44:813–815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Vagero D, Ringback G, Kiviranta H. Melanoma and other tumours of the skin among office, other indoor and outdoor workers in Sweden 1961–1979. Br J Cancer 1986; 53:507–512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Threlfall WJ, Band PR, Spinelli JJ. Occupation and risk of malignant melanoma. Am J Ind Med 1986; 9:289–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. DeGuire L, Theriault G, Iturra H, Provencher S, Cyr D, Case BW. Increased incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in workers in a telecommunications industry. Br J Ind Med 1988; 45:824–828.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Vagero D, Ahlbom A, Olin R, Sahlsten S. Cancer morbidity among workers in the telecommunications industry. Br J Ind Med 1985; 42:191–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Austin DF, Reynolds P. Current issues in melanoma research: Occupation and malignant melanoma of the skin. In: Gallagher RP, ed. Epidemiology of malignant melanoma. Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag, 1986:98–107.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Ingram AJ. Review of chemical and UV light induced melanomas in experimental animals in relation to human melanoma incidence. J Appl Toxicol 1992; 12:39–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Davis NC, Herron JJ, McLeod GR. Malignant melanoma in Queensland. Lancet 1966; 2:407–411.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Lee JAH, Yongchaiyudha S. Incidence of and mortality from malignant melanoma by anatomical site. J Natl Cancer Inst 1971; 47:253–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Crombie IK. Distribution of malignant melanoma on the body surface. Br J Cancer 1981; 43:842–849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Elwood JM, Gallagher RP. Site distribution of malignant melanoma. Can Med Assoc J 1983; 128:1400–1404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Stierner U, Rosdahl I, Augustsson A, Kagedal B. UVB irradiation induces melanocyte increase in both exposed and shielded human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:561–564.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Muir CS, Nectoux J. Time trends in malignant melanoma of the skin. In: Magnus K, ed. Trends in cancer incidence: causes and practical implications. Washington:Hemisphere, 1990:365–386.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Scotto J, Pitcher H, Lee JAH. Indications of future decreasing trends in skin-melanoma mortality among whites in the United States. Int J Cancer 1991; 49:490–497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Brown L, Palmer PH. Melanoma incidence in Tauranga 1980–9. N Z MedJ 1991; 908:109–111.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Lee JAH, Carter AP. Secular trends in mortality from malignant melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1970; 45:91–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bonett A, Roder D, Esterman A. Epidemiology of cancer in South Australia: Incidence, Mortality and Survival 1977 to 1987; Incidence and Mortality 1987. Adelaide: Lutheran Publishing House, 1989:1–214.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Roush GC, McKay L, Holford TR. A reversal in the long-term increase in deaths attributable to malignant melanoma. Cancer 1992; 69:1714–1720.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Elwood JM, Hislop TG. Solar radiation in the etiology of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Caucasians. Nat Cancer Inst Monog 1982; 62:167–171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Beardmore GL. The epidemiology of malignant melanoma in Australia. In: McCarthy WH, ed. Melanoma and skin cancer. Sydney.Government Printer, 1972:39–63.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kricker A, Armstrong BK, English D, Heenan PJ, Randell PL. A case-control study of non-melanocytic skin cancer and sun exposure in Western Australia (Abstract No. III, P3). Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1991; 117(Suppl. II):S75.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Hill GB, Pearson JCG. Cutaneous melanoma in relation to intermittent and constant sun exposure: The Western Canada Melanoma Study. Int J Cancer 1985; 35:427–443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Paffenbarger RS,Jr., Wing AL, Hyde RT. Characteristics in youth predictive of adult-onset malignant lymphomas, melanomas, and leukemias: Brief communication. J Natl Cancer Inst 1978; 60:89–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Davison J, Hill GB. Sunburn, suntan and the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: The Western Canada Melanoma Study. Br J Cancer 1985; 51:543–549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Stapleton PJ. No association between malignant melanoma and acne or psoriasis-results from The Western Canada Melanoma Study. Br J Dermatol 1986; 115:573–576.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Hill GB. Risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma: The Western Canada Melanoma Study. In: Gallagher RP, ed. Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma: Recent Results in Cancer Research. Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag, 1986:38–55.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Elwood JM, Gallagher RP. The first signs and symptoms of melanoma: a population based study. In: Elwood JM, ed. Naevi and Melanoma: Incidence, Interrelationships and Implications; Pigment Cell no. 9. Karger: asel, 1988:118–130.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Holman CDJ, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in women: exogenous sex hormones and reproductive factors. Br J Cancer 1984; 50:673–680.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. English DR, Rouse IL, Xu Z, Watt JD, Holman CDJ, Heenan PJ, Armstrong BK. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and fluorescent lighting. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985; 71:1191–1197.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Armstrong BK, de Klerk NH, Holman CDJ. Etiology of common acquired melanocytic nevi: constitutional variables, sun exposure, and diet. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 77:329–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Holman CDJ, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ, Blackwell JB, Cumming FJ, English DR, Holland S, Kelsall GRH, Matz LR, Rouse IL, Singh A, Ten Seldam REJ, Watt JD, Xu Z. The causes of malignant melanoma: Results from the West Australian Lions Melanoma Research Project. In: Gallagher RP, ed. Epidemiology of malignant melanoma. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1986:18–37.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Holman CDJ, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ. Relationship of cutaneous malignant melanoma to individual sunlight-exposure habits. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 76:403–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. English DR, Armstrong BK. Identifying people at high risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: Results from a case-control study in Western Australia. Br Med J 1988; 296:1285–1288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Green A, Bain C. Hormonal factors and melanoma in women. Med J Aust 1985; 142:446–448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Green AC, Siskind V, Bain C, Alexander J. Sunburn and malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer 1985; 51:393–397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Green AC, O–Rourke MGE. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in association with other skin cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985; 74:977–980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Green AC, MacLennan R, Siskind V. Common acquired naevi and the risk of malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 1985; 35:297–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Green AC, Bain C, McLennan R, Siskind V. Risk factors for cutaneous melanoma in Queensland. In: Gallagher RP, ed. Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma: Recent Results in Cancer Research. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1986:76–97.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Hou-Jensen K, Stone BJ, Engholm G, Jensen OM. The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. I. Importance of host factors. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:200–206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Stone BJ, Jensen OM. The Danish case-control study of cutaneous melanoma.III. Hormonal and reproductive factors in women. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:821–824.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Stone BJ, Jensen OM. The Danish case-control study of cutaneous melanoma. IV. No association with nutritional factors, alcohol, smoking or hair dyes. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:825–828.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Osterlind A. Malignant melanoma in Denmark: occurrence and risk factors. Copenhagen: Larsen, 1990:1–72.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Weinstock MA, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer JM, Rosner B, Speizer FE. Recall (report) bias and reliability in the retrospective assessment of melanoma risk. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:240–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Eklund G, Malec E. Sunlight and incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Scand J Plast Reconst Surg 1978; 12:231–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Beitner H, Norell SE, Ringborg U, Wennersten G, Mattson B. Malignant melanoma: aetiological importance of individual pigmentation and sun exposure. Br J Dermatol 1990; 122:43–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Zanetti R, Rosso S, Colonna S, Martina G, Paudice A. Studio caso-controllo sul melanoma maligno cutaneo in provincia di torino. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 1988; 123:461–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Zanetti R, Rosso S, Faggiano F, Roffino R, Colonna S, Martina G. Etude cas-temoins sue le melanome de la peau dans la province de Torino, Italic. Rev Epidemiol et Sante Publique 1988; 36:309–317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Zanetti R, Franceschi S, Rosso S, Colonna S, Bidoli E. Cutaneous melanoma and sunburns in childhood in a southern European population. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A: 1172–1176.

    Google Scholar 

  105. MacKie RM, Aitchison T. Severe sunburn and subsequent risk of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in Scotland. Br J Cancer 1982; 40:985–960.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Dubin N, Moseson M, Pasternack BS. Epidemiology of malignant melanoma: pigmentary traits, ultraviolet radiation, and the identification of high risk populations. In: Gallagher RP, ed. Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma. Recent results in cancer research, Vol. 102. Heidelberg: pringer-Verlag, 1986:38–55.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Garbe C, Kruger S, Stadler R, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Orfanos CE. Markers and relative risk in a German population for developing malignant melanoma. Int J Dermatol 1989; 28:517–523.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Grob JJ, Gouvernet J, Aymar D, Mostaque A, Romano MH, Collet AM, Noe MC, Diconstanzo MP, Bonerandi JJ. Count of benign melanocytic nevi as a major indicator of risk for nonfamilial nodular and superficial spreading melanoma. Cancer 1990; 66:387–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Klepp O, Magnus K. Some environmental and bodily characteristics of melanoma patients. A case-control study. Int J Cancer 1979; 23:482–486.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Levenstein M, Greewald DI. Malignant melanoma and exposure to fluorescent lighting at work. Lancet 1983; 1:704.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Elwood JM, Whitehead SM, Davison J, Stewart M, Galt M. Malignant melanoma in England: Risks associated with naevi, freckles, social class, hair colour, and sunburn. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19:801–810.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kricker A, Armstrong BK, English DR, Heenan PJ. Pigmentary and cutaneous risk factors for non-melanocytic skin cancer-a case-control study. Int J Cancer 1991; 48:650–662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Armstrong BK, English DR. The epidemiology of acquired melanocytic naevi and their relationship to malignant melanoma. In: Elwood JM, ed. Melanoma and Naevi, Pigment Cell, Vol.9. Basle:Karger, 1988:27–47.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Gallagher RP, McLean DI, Yang CP, Coldman AJ, Silver HKB, Spinelli JJ, Beagrie M. Anatomic distribution of acquired melanocytic nevi in white children. Arch Dermatol 1990; 125:466–471.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Gallagher RP, McLean DI, Yang CP, Coldman AJ, Silver HKB, Spinelli JJ, Beagrie M. Suntan, sunburn, and pigmentation factors and the frequency of acquired melanocytic nevi in children. Arch Dermatol 1990; 126:770–776.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Brown J, Kopf AW, Rigel DS, Friedman RJ. Malignant melanoma in World War II veterans. Int J Dermatol 1984; 23:661–663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ, Caruso V, Glancy RJ, Holman CDJ. Seasonal variation in the junctional component of pigmented naevi (letter). Int J Cancer 1984; 34:441–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Swerdlow AJ. Incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in England and Wales and its relationship to sunshine. Br Med J 1979; 2:1324–1327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. McLennan R. Anatomic distribution of melanocytic nevi in Australian school children-Presented at Second International Symposium on Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma. Vancouver, Oct 23–25; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Dubin N, Moseson M, Pasternack BS. Sun exposure and malignant melanoma among susceptible individuals. Environ Health Perspect 1989; 81:139–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Weinstock MA, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Bronstein BR, Mihm MC,Jr., Speizer FE. Melanoma and the sun: The effect of swimsuits and a “healthy” tan on the risk of nonfamilial malignant melanoma in women. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 134:462–470.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Tucker MA, Bale SJ. Clinical aspects of familial cutaneous malignant melanoma. Semin Oncol 1988; 15:542–548.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Elder DE. Dysplastic nevus syndrome-biological significance. Semin Oncol 1988; 15:529–540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Rigel DS, Rivers JK, Kopf AW, et al.. Dysplastic nevi: markers of increased risk for melanoma. Cancer 1989; 63:386–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Rigel DS, Rivers JK, Kopf AW, Friedman RJ, Vinokur AF, Heilman ER, Levenstein M. Markers for increased risk for melanoma. Cancer 1989; 63:386–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Greene MH, Clark WH, Tucker MA, et al.. Managing the dysplastic naevus syndrome. Lancet 1984; 1:166–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Masri GD, Clark WH, Guerry D, Halpern A, Thompson J, Elder DE. Screening and surveillance of patients at high risk for malignant melanoma result in detection of earlier disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22:1042–1048.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Vasen HFA, Bergman W, van Haeringen A, et al. The familial dysplastic nevus syndrome: natural history and the impact of screening on prognosis-a study of nine families. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25:337–341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Bale SJ, Dracopoli NC, Tucker MA, Clark WH, Jr., Fraser MC, Stanger BZ, Green P, Donis-Keller H, Housman DE, Greene MH. Mapping the gene for hereditary cutaneous malignant melanoma-dysplastic nevus to chromosome 1P. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:1367–1372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. van Haeringen A, Bergman W, Nelen MR,et al. Exclusion of the dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS) locus from the short arm of chromosome 1 by linkage studies in Dutch families. Genomics 1989; 5:61–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. Symposium on genetics of melanoma. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 1992; 59(2–3):148–233.

    Google Scholar 

  132. de Gruijl FR, Van der Leun JC. A dose-response model for skin cancer induction by chronic UV exposure of a human population. J Theor Biol 1980; 83:487–504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. de Gruijl FR, Van der Leun JC. Action spectra for carcinogenesis. In: Urbach F, ed. Biological responses to UVA. Kansas: aldemar, 1991:91–97.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Moan J, Dahlback A, Henriksen T, Magnus K. Biological amplification factor for sunlight-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer at high latitudes. Cancer Res 1989; 49:5207–5212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Pitcher HM, Longstreth JD. Melanoma mortality and exposure to ultraviolet radiation: an empirical relationship. Environ Intern 1991; 17:7–21.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Fears TR, Scotto J, Schneiderman MA. Skin cancer, melanoma, and sunlight. Am J Public Health 1976; 66:461–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Fears TR, Scotto J, Schneiderman MA. Mathematical models of age and ultraviolet effects on the incidence of skin cancer among whites in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1977; 105:420–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. National Research Council. Protection against depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  139. Scotto J, Fears TR. The association of solar ultraviolet and skin melanoma incidence among Caucasians in the United States. Cancer Invest 1987; 5:275–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Henriksen T, Dahlback A, Larsen SHH, Moan J. Ultraviolet-radiation and skin cancer. Effect of an ozone layer depletion. Photochem Photobiol 1990; 51:579–582.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Moan J, Dahlback A. The relationship between skin cancers, solar radiation and ozone depletion. Br J Cancer 1992; 65:916–921.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Giles GG. Possible effects of increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the incidence of cutaneous melanoma. In: National Health and Medical Research Council, ed. Health effects of ozone layer depletion. Canberra: ustralian Government Publishing Service, 1989:82–113.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Scotto J, Cotton G, Urbach F, Berger D, Fears T. Biologically effective ultraviolet radiations: surface measurements in the United States, 1974 to 1985. Science 1988; 239:762–764.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Diffey BL, Elwood JM. Tables of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation for use in epidemiological studies of malignant melanoma and other diseases. In: Gallagher RP, Elwood JM (eds). Epidemiologic aspects of malignant melanoma. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993: pp

    Google Scholar 

  145. Elwood JM, Diffey BL. A consideration of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation in the interpretation of studies of the aetiology of melanoma. Melanoma Res. 1993: In Press

    Google Scholar 

  146. McKenzie RL, Elwood JM. Intensity of solar ultraviolet radiation and its implications for skin cancer. N Z Med J 1990; 103:152–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Longstreth J. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and ultraviolet radiation: A review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1988; 7:321–333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Ley RD, Applegate LA, Padilla RS, Stuart TD. Ultraviolet radiation-induced malignant melanoma in Monodelphis domestica. Photochem Photobiol 1989; 50:1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Setlow RB, Woodhead AD, Grist E. Animal model for ultraviolet radiation-induced melanoma: platyfish-swordtail hybrid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:8922–8926.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. MacKie RM, Freudenberger T, Aitchison TC. Personal risk-factor chart for cutaneous melanoma. Lancet 1989; 2:487–490.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Rosdahl IK. Local and systemic effects on the epidermal melanocyte population in UV-irradiated mouse skin. J Invest Dermatol 1979; 73:306–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Kripke ML. Speculations on the role of ultraviolet radiation in the development of malignant melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979; 63:541–545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Scotto J, Fraumeni JF, Lee JAH. Melanomas of the eye and other noncutaneous sites: Epidemiologic aspects. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976; 56:489–491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Rootman J. Epidemiologie aspects of intraocular malignant melanoma. In: Nathanson L, ed. Malignant melanoma: biology, diagnosis and therapy. Boston: luwer Academic Publishers, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  155. Fitzpatrick TB. Enigma of the pathogenesis of primary melanoma: Changing incidence and mortality in Japan and the United States. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92(5 Suppl):234S–235S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Elwood JM, Williamson C, Stapleton PJ. Malignant melanoma in relation to moles, pigmentation and exposure to fluorescent and other lighting sources. Br J Cancer 1986; 53:65–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. Mark Elwood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard P. Gallagher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Richard P. Gallagher

  2. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    J. Mark Elwood

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Elwood, J.M., Gallagher, R.P. (1994). Sun exposure and the epidemiology of melanoma. In: Gallagher, R.P., Elwood, J.M. (eds) Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Developments in Oncology, vol 73. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2626-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2626-1_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6126-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2626-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation