Abstract
The resonators used in the oscillators described so far were macroscopic. Their characteristic frequency, and hence that of the oscillator, depends on their dimensions, on the properties of the material from which they are made and on the acoustic or electromagnetic mode employed. It is therefore impossible to construct an oscillator whose output frequency can be made equal to a predetermined value to a very high degree of precision, e.g., to a relative accuracy of 10-10. The frequency must therefore be calibrated against a reference frequency and eventually adjusted by means of a fine tuning device often provided with the resonator. Moreover, the oscillators considered so far exhibit aging which causes a slow drift of their frequency, even in unperturbed environment. More or less frequent calibration may be essential.
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Chronos Group, French National Observatory, and National Centre of Scientific Research. (1994). Atomic frequency standards. In: Frequency Measurement and Control. Microwave Technology Series, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2502-8_6
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