Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Dermatologic Manifestations of Infection in the Compromised Host

  • Chapter
Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host

Abstract

Among the most formidable challenges to the clinician is the care of the patient with an impaired immune system—the compromised host.1-4 Two characteristics in particular contribute to the complexity of management of infection in these patients: (1) the exceptionally broad variety of potential microbial pathogens and (2) the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations of disease resulting from the abnormal immune response.5–7

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hill RB, Dahrling BE, Starzl TE, et al: Editorial: Death after transplantation. Am J Med 42: 327–334, 1967.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson RJ, Schafer LA, Olin DB, et al: Infectious risk factors in the immunosuppressed host. Am J Med 54: 453–460, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rubin RH, Young LS (eds): Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host, 1st ed. Plenum Press, New York, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Klastersky J (ed): Infections in Cancer Patients. European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer Monograph Series, Vol 10. Raven Press, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dale DC, Petersdorf RG: Corticosteroids and infectious diseases. Med Clin North Am 57: 1277–1287, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Dale DC: Defects in host defense mechanisms in compromised patients. In Rubin RH, Young LS (eds): Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host. Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 35–74.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wiernik PH: The management of infection in the cancer patient. JAMA 244: 185–192, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Haim S, Friedman-Birnbaum R, Better O, et al: Skin complications in immunosuppressed patients: Follow-up of kidney recipients. Br J Dermatol 89: 169–173, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Koranda F, Dehmel E, Kahn G, et al: Cutaneous complications in immunosuppressed renal homograft recipients. JAMA 229: 419–424, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Savin JA, Nobel WC: Immunosuppression and skin infection. Br J Dermatol 93: 115–120, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rubin RH: Infection in the renal transplant patient. In Rubin RH, Young LS (eds): Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host. Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 553–606.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wolfson JS, Sober AJ, Rubin RH: Dermatologic manifestations of infection in the compromised host. Annu Rev Med 34: 205–217, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wolfson JS, Sober AJ, Rubin RH: Dermatologic manifestations of infections in immunocompromised patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 64: 115–133, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ray TL: Cutaneous signs of systemic disease: Fungal infections in the immunocompromised host. Med Clin North Am 64: 955–968, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Eickhoff T, Olin B, Anderson R, et al: Current problems and approaches to diagnosis of infection in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 4: 613–697, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Notter D, Grossman P, Rosenberg S, et al: Infections in patients with Hodgkin’s disease: A clinical study of 300 consecutive adult patients. Rev Infect Dis 2: 761–800, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bishop T, Schimpff S, Diggs C, et al: Infections during intensive chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 95: 549–555, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Weinberg AN, Swartz MN: General considerations of bacterial diseases. In Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al (eds): Dermatology in General Medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979, pp. 1415–1426.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Prystowsky S, Vogelstein B, Ettinger D, et al: Invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 295: 655–658, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Carlile JR, Millet RE, Cho CT, et al: Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in a leukemic child. Arch Dermatol 114: 78–80, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gartenberg G, Bottone E, Keusch G, et al: Hospital-acquired mucormycosis (Rhizopus rhizopodiformis) of skin and subcutaneous tissue. N Engl J Med 299: 1115–1118, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Keys T, Haldorson A, Rhodes K, et al: Nosocomial outbreak of Rhizopus infections associated with Elastoplast wound dressings—Minnesota. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 27: 33–34, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Sheldon DL, Johnson WC: Cutaneous mucormycosis: Two documented cases of suspected nosocomial cause. JAMA 241: 1032–1034, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dennis JE, Rhodes KH, Cooney DR, et al: Nosocomial Rhizopus infection (zygomycosis) in children. J Pediatr 96: 824–828, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Biro L, Gibbs RC, Leider M: Staphylococcal infections: A study of incidence on a dermatologie ward. Arch Dermatol 82: 205–211, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Grossman ME, Fithian EC, Behrens C, et al: Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in six leukemic children. J Am Acad Dermatol 12: 313–318, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Granstein RD, First LR, Sober AJ: Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in a premature neonate. Br J Dermatol 103: 681–684, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Googe PB, DeCoste SD, Herold WH, et al: Primary cutaneous aspergillosis mimicking dermatophytosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113: 1284–1286, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lorenzen I: The side effects of glucocorticoids on connective tissue. Acta Med Scand (Suppl) 50: 17–21, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ray TL: Fungal infections in the immunocompromised host. Med Clin North Am 64: 955–969, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Smithers DW: Hodgkin’s disease. II. Br Med J 2: 337–340, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mullen DL, Silverberg SG, Penn I, et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and lip in renal homograft recipients. Cancer 37: 729–734, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hersh EM, Freireich EJ: Focus on cutaneous host-defense failure in transplant recipients. JAMA 229: 457–458, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. McLelland J, Rees A, William G, et al: The incidence of immunosuppression-related skin disease in long-term transplant patients. Transplantation 46: 871–874, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wilson CAB, Holmes SC, Campo MS, et al: Novel variants of human papillomavirus type 2 in warts from immunocompromised individuals. Br J Dermatol 121: 571–576, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gassenmaier A, Fuchs P, Schell H, et al: Papillomavirus DNA in warts of immunosuppressed renal allograft recipients. Arch Dermatol Res 278: 219–223, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Spencer ES, Anderson HK: Clinically evident, non-terminal infections with herpesviruses and the wart virus in immunosuppressed renal allograft recipients. Br Med J 3: 215–254, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hardie IR, Strong RW, Hartley CJ, et al: Skin cancer in Caucasian renal allograft recipients living in a subtropical climate. Surgery 87: 177–183, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lutzner MA, Orth G, Dutronquay V, et al: Detection of human papillomavirus type 5 DNA in skin cancers of an immunosuppressed renal allograft recipient. Lancet 2: 422–424, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dolin R, Reichman RC, Mazur MH, et al: NIH Conference: Herpes zoster-varicella infections in immunosuppressed patients. Ann Intern Med 89: 375–388, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hirsch MS: Herpes group virus infections in the compromised host. In Rubin RH, Young LS (eds): Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host. Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 389–415.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Lim W, Sadick N, Gupta A, et al: Skin diseases in children with HIV infection and their association with degree of immunosuppression. Int J Dermatol 29: 24–30, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Penneys NS: Cutaneous signs of AIDS. Dermatol Clin 7: 571–577, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Siegel FP, Lopez C, Hamer GS, et al: Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med 305: 1439–1444, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Gottlieb MS, Groopman JE, Weinstein WM, et al: UCLA Conference: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 99: 208–220, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Chou S, Gallagher JG, Merigan TC: Controlled clinical trial of intravenous acyclovir in heart-transplant patients with mucocutaneous herpes simplex infection. Lancet 1: 1392–1394, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Mitchell CD, Bean B, Gentry SR, et al: Acyclovir therapy for mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients. Lancet 1: 1389–1392, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Straus SE, Smith HA, Brickman C, et al: Acyclovir for chronic mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in immunosuppressed patients. Ann Intern Med 96: 270–277, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Wade JC, Newton B, McLaren C, et al: Intravenous acyclovir to treat mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection after marrow transplantation: A double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med 96: 265–269, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hirsh MS, Schooley RT: Treatment of herpesvirus infections. N Engl J Med 309: 963–970, 1034-1039, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Whitley RJ, Levin M, Barton N, et al: Infections caused by herpes simplex virus in the immunocompromised host: Natural history and topical acyclovir therapy. J Infect Dis 150: 323–329, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Wong KK, Hirsch MS: Herpesvirus infections in patients with neoplastic disease: Diagnosis and therapy. Am J Med 76: 464–478, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Safrin S, Assaykeen T, Follansbeen S, et al: Foscarnet therapy for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in 26 AIDS patients: Preliminary data. J Infect Dis 161: 1078–1084, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Schimpff S, Serpick A, Stoler B, et al: Varicella-zoster infection in patients with cancer. Ann Intern Med 76: 241–254, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Meyers JD, Thomas ED: Infection complicating bone marrow transplantation. In Rubin RH, Young LS (eds): Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host. Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 507–551.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Balfour HH, Bean B, Laskin OL, et al: Acyclovir halts progression of herpes zoster in immunosuppressed patients. N Engl J Med 308: 1448–1453, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lesher JL: Cytomegalovirus infections and the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 18: 1333–1338, 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Toome BK, Bowers KE, Scott GA: Diagnosis of cutaneous cytomegalovirus infection: A review and report of a case. J Am Acad Dermatol 24: 860–867, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Jacobson MA, Mills J: Serious cytomegalovirus disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 108: 558–594, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Horn TD, Hood AF: Clinically occult cytomegalovirus present in skin biopsy specimens in immunosuppressed hosts. J Am Acad Dermatol 21: 781–784, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lee JYY: Cytomegalovirus infection involving the skin in immunocompromised hosts. Am J Clin Pathol 92: 96–100, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Rees AP, Meadors M, Ventura HO, et al: Diagnosis of disseminated cytomegalovirus infection and pneumonitis in a heart transplant recipient by skin biopsy: Case report. J Heart Lung Transplant 10: 329–332, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fermand JP, Gozlan J, Bendelac A, et al: Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in epidermal skin lesions of an immunocompromised patient. Ann Intern Med 112: 511–515, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Alteras I, Aryeli G, Feuerman EJ: The prevalence of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic fungi on the apparently healthy skin of patients with neoplastic diseases. Mycopathologia 71: 85–87, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Cho CT, Vats TS, Lowman JT, et al: Fusarium solani infection during treatment for acute leukemia. J Pediatr 83: 1028–1031, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Farmer SG, Komorowski RA: Cutaneous microabscess formation from Alternaria alternata. Am J Clin Pathol 66: 565–569, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Apaliski SJ, Moore MD, Reiner BJ, et al: Disseminated Trichosporon beigelii in an immunocompromised child. Pediatr Infect Dis 3: 451–454, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hernanz AD, Conde-Zurita JM, Pecharroman SR, et al: A case of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler infection of the knee. Clin Exp Dermatol 8: 641–646, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Bourlond A, Alexandre G: Dermal alternariasis in a kidney transplant recipient. Dermatologia 168: 152–156, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Manzella JP, Berman IJ, Kukrilca MD: Trichosporon beigelii fungemia and cutaneous dissemination. Arch Dermatol 118: 343–345, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Horsburgh CR, Kirkpatrick CH: Long-term therapy of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with ketoconazole: Experience with 21 patients. Am J Med 74: 23–29, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Guerin V, Barbaud A, Duquenne M, et al: Cushing’s disease and cutaneous alternariosis. Arch Intern Med 151: 1865–1868, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Baker RL, Para MF: Successful use of ketoconazole for invasive cutaneous Trichophyton rubrum infection. Arch Intern Med 144: 615–617, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Dismukes WE, Stamm AM, Graybill JR, et al: Treatment of systemic mycoses with ketoconazole: Emphasis on toxicity and clinical response in 52 patients. Ann Inter Med 98: 13–20, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Galimberti RL, Flores V, Gonzalez Ramos MC, et al: Cutaneous ulcers due to Candida albicans in an immunocompromised patient—response to therapy with itraconazole. Clin Exp Dermatol 14: 295–297, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Uys CT, Don PA, Schire V, et al: Endocarditis following cardiac surgery due to the fungus Paecilomyces. S Afr Med J 37: 1276–1280, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Silver MD, Tuffnell PG, Bigelow WG: Endocarditis caused by Paecilomyces varioti affecting an aortic valve allograft. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 61: 278–281, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Haldane EV, MacDonald JL, Gittens WO, et al: Prosthetic valvular endocarditis due to the fungus Paecilomyces. Can Med Assoc J 111: 963–968, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. McClellan JR, Hamilton JD, Alexander JA, et al: Paecilomyces varioti endocarditis on a prosthetic valve. J Thorac Cardivasc Surg 71: 472–475, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mosier MA, Lusk B, Pettit TH, et al: Fungal endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol 83: 1–8, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. O’Day DM: Fungal endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol 83: 130–131, 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Harris LF, Dan BM, Lefkowitz LB, et al: Paecilomyces cellulitis in a renal transplant patient: Successful treatment with intravenous miconazole. South Med J 72: 897–898, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Fogan L: Atypical mycobacteria. Medicine (Baltimore) 49: 243–255, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kaplan MH, Armstrong D, Rosen P: Tuberculosis complicating neoplastic disease. Cancer 33: 850–858, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wolinsky E: Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 119: 107–158, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Beyt BE, Ortbals DW, Santa Cruz DJ, et al: Cutaneous mycobacteriosis: Analysis of 34 cases with a new classification of the disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 60: 95–109, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Lloveras J, Peterson PK, Simmons RL, et al: Mycobacterial infections in renal transplant recipients: Seven cases and a review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 142: 888–892, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lichtenstein IH, MacGregor RR: Mycobacterial infections in renal transplant recipients: Report of five cases and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 5: 216–226, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Grice K: Sarcoidosis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare cutaneous abscesses. Clin Exp Dermatol 8: 323–327, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Wallace RJ, Swenson Jm, Silcox VA, et al: Spectrum of disease due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Rev Infect Dis 5: 657–679, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mehlmauer MA: Keratotic papules and nodules and hyperkeratosis of palms and soles in a patient with tuberculosis and AIDS-related complex. J Am Acad Dermatol 23: 381–385, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Stack RJ, Bickley LK, Coppel IG: Miliary tuberculosis presenting as skin lesions in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 23: 1031–1035, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Davis BR, Brumback J, Sanders WJ, et al: Skin lesions caused by Mycobacterium haemophilum. Ann Intern Med 97: 723–724, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Murdoch ME, Leigh IM: Sporotrichoid spread of cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonei infection. Clin Exp Dermatol 14: 309–312, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Bolivar R, Salterwhite TK, Floyd M: Cutaneous lesions due to Mycobacterium kansasii. Arch Dermatol 116: 207–208, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Heironimus JD, Winn RE, Collins CB: Cutaneous non-pulmonary Mycobacterium chelonei infection. Arch Dermatol 120: 1061–1063, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Cross GM, Guill MA, Aton JK: Cutaneous Mycobacterium szulgai infection. Arch Dermatol 121: 247–249, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Barbara DJ, Orcutt VL, Coldiron BM: Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare infection limited to the skin and lymph nodes in patients with AIDS. Rev Infect Dis 11: 625–628, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gombert ME, Goldstein EJC, Corrado ML, et al: Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection after renal transplantation. Ann Intern Med 94: 486–487, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Davies RR, Wilkinson JL: Human protothecosis: Supplementary studies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 61: 112–115, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Tindall JP, Fetter BF: Infections caused by achloric algae (protothecosis). Arch Dermatol 104: 490–500, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Cox GE, Wilson JD, Brown P: Protothecosis: A case of disseminated algal infection. Lancet 2: 379–382, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Sudman MS: Protothecosis: A critical review. Am J Clin Pathol 61: 10–19, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Mayhall CG, Miller CW, Eisen AZ, et al: Cutaneous protothecosis: Successful treatment with amphotericin B. Arch Dermatol 112: 1749–1752, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Wolfe ID, Sacks HG, Samorodin CS, et al: Cutaneous protothecosis in a patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Arch Dermatol 112: 829–832, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Dagher FJ, Smith AG, Pankoski D, et al: Skin protothecosis in a patient with renal allograft. South Med J 71: 222–224, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Phair JP, Williams JE, Bassaris HP, et al: Phagocytosis and algicidal activity of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils against Prototheca wickerhamii. J Infect Dis 144: 72–76, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Venezio FR, Lavoo E, Williams JE, et al: Progressive cutaneous protothecosis. Am J Clin Pathol 77: 485–493, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Pegram PS, Kerns FT, Wasilauskas BL, et al: Successful ketoconazole treatment of protothecosis with ketoconazole-associated hepatotoxicity. Arch Intern Med 143: 1802–1805, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Vernon SE, Goldman LS: Protothecosis in the Southeastern United States. South Med J 76: 949–950, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Klintworth GK, Fetter BF, Nielsen HS: Protothecosis — An algal infection: Report of a case in man. J Med Microbiol 1: 211–216, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Langlois RP, Flegel KM, Meakins JL, et al: Cutaneous aspergillosis with fatal dissemination in a renal transplant recipient. Can Med J 22: 673–676, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Lehrer RI, Howard DH, Sypherd PS, et al: UCLA conference: Mucormycosis. Ann Intern Med 93: 93–108, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Fisher J, Tuazon CU, Geelhoed GW: Mucormycosis in transplant patients. Am Surg 46: 315–322, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Bateman CP, Umland ET, Becker LE: Cutaneous zygomycosis in a patient with lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 8: 890–894, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Young RC, Bennett FE, Vogel CL, et al: Aspergillosis: The spectrum of the disease in 98 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 49: 147–173, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Meyer RD, Rosen P, Armstrong D: Phycomycosis complicating leukemia and lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 77: 871–879, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Forkner CE, Frei E, Edgecomb JH, et al: Pseudomonas septicemia: Observations on twenty-three cases. Am J Med 25: 877–889, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Bagel J, Grossman ME: Subcutaneous nodules in Pseudomonas sepsis. Am J Med 80: 528–529, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Picou KA, Jarratt MT: Persistent subcutaneous abscesses following Pseudomonas sepsis. Arch Dermatol 115: 459–460, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Llistosella E, Ravella A, Moreno A, et al: Panniculitis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockholm) 64: 447–449, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Fergie JE, Patrick CC, Lott L: Pseudomonas aeruginosa cellulitis and ecthyma gangrenosum in immunocompromised children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10: 496–500, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Greene SL, Su WP, Muller SA: Ecthyma gangrenosum: Report of clinical, histopathologic, and bacteriologic aspects of eight cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 11: 781–787, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Fine JD, Miller JA, Harrist TJ, et al: Cutaneous lesions in disseminated candidiasis mimicking ecthyma gangrenosum. Am J Med 70: 1133–1135, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Umbert IJ, Su WPD: Cutaneous mucormycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 21: 1232–1234, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Park RK, Goltz RW, Carey TB: Unusual cutaneous infections associated with immunosuppressive therapy. Arch Dermatol 95: 345–350, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. O’Dorisio TM, Jasper DA, Sullivan J: A cutaneous manifestation of untreated disseminated histoplasmosis. Chest 67: 616–617, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Studdard J, Sneed WF, Taylor MR, et al: Cutaneous histoplasmosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 113: 689–693, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Daman LA, Hashimoto K, Kaplan RJ, et al: Disseminated histoplasmosis in an immunosuppressed patient. South Med J 70: 355–356, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Cott GR, Smith TW, Hinthom DR, et al: Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients. JAMA 242: 456–457, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Johnston CA, Tank CK, Jiji R: Histoplasmosis of skin and lymph nodes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Arch Dermatol 115: 336–337, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Davies SR, Sarosi GA, Peterson PK, et al: Disseminated histoplasmosis in renal transplant recipients. Am J Surg 137: 686–691, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Goodwin RA, Shapiro JL, Thurman GH, et al: Disseminated histoplasmosis: Clinical and pathologic correlations. Medicine (Baltimore) 59: 1–33, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Cohen PR, Bank DE, Silvers DN, et al: Cutaneous lesions of disseminated histoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 23: 442–448, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Cohen PR, Grossman ME, Silvers DN: Disseminated histoplasmosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Dermatol 30: 614–622, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Hazelhurst JA, Vismer HF: Histoplasmosis presenting with unusual skin lesions in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Br J Dermatol 113: 345–348, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Greenberg RG, Berger TG: Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Presentation as a steroid-responsive dermatosis. Cutis 43: 535–538, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Johnson PC, Khardori N, Najjar AF, et al: Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 85: 152–158, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Hobbs ER: Coccidioidomycosis. Dermatol Clin 7: 227–239, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Farr B, Beacham BE, Atuk NO: Cutaneous histoplasmosis after renal transplantation. South Med J 74: 635–637, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Palmer DL, Harvey RL, Wheeler JK: Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in Nocardia asteroudes infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 53: 391–401, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Frazier AR, Rosenow EC, Roberts GD: Nocardiosis: A review of 25 cases occurring during 24 months. Mayo Clin Proc 50: 657–663, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Beaman BL, Burnside J, Edwards B, et al: Nocardial infections in the United Sates, 1972-1974. J Infect Dis 134: 286–289, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Brown E, Freedman S, Arbeit R, et al: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in an apparently non-immunocompromised host. Am J Med 69: 624–627, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Fisher BD, Armstrong D, Yu B, et al: Invasive aspergillosis: Prognosis in early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 71: 571–577, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kerkering TM, Duma RJ, Shadomy S: The evolution of pulmonary cryptococcosis. Ann Intern Med 94: 611–616, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Myskowski PL, Brown AE, Dinsmore R, et al: Mucormycosis following bone marrow transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol 9: 111–115, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Perfect JR, Durack DT, Gallis HA: Cryptococcemia. Medicine (Baltimore) 62: 98–109, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Lewis JL, Rabinovich S: The wide spectrum of cryptococcal infections. Am J Med 53: 315–322, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Rinaldi MG: Invasive aspergülosis. Rev Infect Dis 5: 1061–1077, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Sarosi GA, Silberfarb PM, Tosh FE: Cutaneous cryptococcosis: A sentinel of disseminated disease. Arch Dermatol 104: 1–3, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Meyer RD, Kaplan MH, Ong M, et al: Cutaneous lesions in disseminated mucormycosis. JAMA 225: 737–738, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Schupbach CW, Wheeler CE, Briggaman RA, et al: Cutaneous manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis. Arch Dermatol 112: 1734–1740, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Kramer BS, Hernandez AD, Reddick RL, et al: Cutaneous infarction: Manifestation of disseminated mucormycosis. Arch Dermatol 113: 1075–1076, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Greene MH, Macher AM, Hernandez AD, et al: Disseminated cryptococcosis presenting as palpable purpura. Arch Intern Med 138: 1412–1413, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Simpson GL, Stinson EB, Egger MJ, et al: Nocardial infections in the immunocompromised host: A detailed study in a defined population. Rev Infect Dis 3: 492–507, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Bernhardt MJ, Ward WQ, Sams WM: Cryptococcal cellulitis. Cutis 34: 359–361, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Moore M: Cryptococcus with cutaneous manifestations. J Invest Dermatol 28: 159–182, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Azon-Masoliver A, Gonzalez-Clemente J, Pedrol E, et al: Herpetiform and mollusca contagiosa-like cutaneous cryptococcosis in a patient with AIDS. Br J Dermatol 121: 665–667, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Picon L, Vaillant L, Duong T, et al: Cutaneous cryptococcosis resembling molluscum contagiosum: A first manifestation of AIDS. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockholm) 69: 365–367, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Jones C, Orengo I, Rosen T, et al: Cutaneous cryptococcosis simulating Kaposi’s sarcoma in the acquire immunodeficiency syndrome. Cutis 45: 163–167, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Shuttleworth D, Philpot CM, Knight AG: Cutaneous cryptococcosis: Treatment with oral fluconazole. Br J Dermatol 120: 683–687, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Bodey GP, Luna M: Skin lesions associated with disseminated candidiasis. JAMA 229: 1466–1468, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Saral R: Candida tropicalis: A major pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Ann Intern Med 91: 539–543, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Louria DB, Stiff DP, Bennett B: Disseminated moniliasis in the adult. Medicine (Baltimore) 41: 307–337, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  166. DeVita VT, Utz JP, Williams T, et al: Candida meningitis. Arch Intern Med 117: 527–535, 1966.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Curry CR, Quie PG: Fungal septicemia in patients receiving parenteral hyperalimentation. N Engl J Med 285: 1221–1225, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Bayer AS, Edwards JE, Seidel JS, et al: Candida meningitis: Report of seven cases and review of the English literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 55: 447–486, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Myerowitz RL, Pazin GJ, Allen CM: Disseminated candidiasis: Changes in incidence, underlying diseases, and pathology. Am J Clin Pathol 68: 29–38, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Balandran L, Rothschild H, Pugh N, et al: A cutaneous manifestation of systemic candidiasis. Ann Intern Med 78: 400–403, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Edwards JE, Lehrer RI, Stiehm ER, et al: UCLA Conference: Severe candidal infections—Clinical perspective, immune defense mechanisms, and current concepts of therapy. Ann Intern Med 89: 91–106, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Jarowski CI, Fialk MA, Murray HW, et al: Fever, rash, and muscle tenderness: A distinctive clinical presentation of disseminated candidiasis. Arch Intern Med 138: 544–546, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Kressel B, Szewczyk C, Tuazon CU: Early clinical recognition of disseminated candidiasis by muscle and skin biopsy. Arch Intern Med 138: 429–433, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Grossman ME, Silvers DN, Walther RR: Cutaneous manifestations of disseminated candidiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2: 111–116, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Jacobs MI, Magid MS, Jarowski CL: Disseminated candidiasis: Newer approaches to early recognition and treatment. Arch Dermatol 116: 1277–1279, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Arena FP, Perlin M, Brahman H, et al: Fever, rash, and myalgias of disseminated candidiasis during antifungal therapy. Arch Intern Med 141: 1233, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Suster S, Rosen LB: Intradermal bullous dermatitis due to candidiasis in an immunocompromised patient. JAMA 258: 2106–2107, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Curley RK, Hayward T, Holden CA: Cutaneous abscesses due to systemic nocardiosis—a case report. Clin Exp Dermatol 15: 459–461, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Smego RA, Gallis HA: The clinical spectrum of Nocardia brasiliensis infection in the United States. Rev Infect Dis 6: 164–180, 1984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Fauci AS, Macher AM, Longo DL, et al: NIH conference: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome—Epidemiologic, clinical, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med 100: 92–106, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Jaffe HS, Abrams DI, Ammarm AJ, et al: Complications of cotrimoxazole in treatment of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men. Lancet 2: 1109–1111, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Mitsuyasu R, Groopman J, Volberding P: Cutaneous reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with AIDS and Kaposi’s sarcoma. N Engl J. Med 308: 1535–1536, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Gordin FM, Simon GL, Wofsy CB, et al: Adverse reactions to trimethoprim—sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 100: 495–499, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Ziegler JL, Beckstead JA, Volberding PA, et al: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 90 homosexual men: Relation to generalized lymphadenopathy and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 311: 565–570, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Lind SE, Gross PL, Andiman WA, et al: Malignant lymphoma presenting as Kaposi’s sarcoma in a homosexual man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 102: 338–340, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Morris L, Distenfeld A, Amorosi E, et al: Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med 96: 714–717, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Eisenstat BA, Wormser GP: Seborrheic dermatitis and butterfly rash in AIDS. N Engl J Med 311: 189, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Abramson SB, Odajnyk CM, Grieco AJ, et al: Hyperalgesic pseudothrombophlebitis: New syndrome in male homosexuals. Am J Med 78: 317–320, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Sandor E, Croxson TS, Millman A, et al: Herpes zoster ophthalmicus in patients at risk of AIDS. N Engl J Med 310: 1118–1119, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Ho DD, Murata GH: Streptococcal lymphadenitis in homosexual men with chronic lymphadenopathy. Am J Med 77: 151–153, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Holtz HA, Lavery DP, Kapila R: Actinomycetales infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 102: 203–205, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Macher AM, Kovars JA, Gill V, et al: Bacteremia due to Mycobacterium avium—intracellulare in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 99: 782–785, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Melbye M, Grossman RJ, Goedert JJ, et al: Risk of AIDS after herpes zoster. Lancet 1: 728–730, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Mosca JD, Bednank DP, Raj NBK, et al: Activation of human immunodeficiency virus by herpesvirus infection: Identification of a region with the long terminal repeat that responds to a transacting factor encoded by herpes simplex virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 7408–7412, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Coulman CU, Greene I, Archibald RWR: Cutaneous pneumocystosis. Ann Intern Med 106: 396–398, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Hennessey NP, Parro EL, Cockerell CJ: Cutaneous Pneumocystis carinii infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Dermatol 127: 1699–1701, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Szaniawski WK, Don PC, Bitterman SR, et al: Epithelioid angiomatosis in patients with AIDS: Report of seven cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 23: 41–48, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Rudikoff D, Phelps RG, Gordon RE, et al: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related bacillary vascular proliferation (epithelioid angiomatosis): Rapid response to erythromycin therapy. Arch Dermatol 125: 706–707, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Mui BS, Mulligan ME, George WL: Response of HIV-associated disseminated cat scratch disease to treatment with doxycycline. Am J Med 89: 229–231, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Koehler JE, Tappero JW: Bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 17: 612–624, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Relman DA, Falkow S, LeBoit PE: The organism causing bacillary angiomatosis, Peliosis hepatis, and fever and bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. N Engl J Med 324: 1514–1519, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Wilson CB, Siber GR, O’Brien TF, et al: Phycomycotic gangrenous cellulitis. Arch Surg 111: 532–538, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Lomvardias S, Madge GE: Chaetoconidium and atypical acidfast bacilli in skin ulcers. Arch Dermatol 106: 875–876, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Sanderson TL, Moskowitz L, Hensley GT, et al: Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection appearing as a panniculitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 106: 112–114, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Zaatari GS, Reed R, Morewessel R: Subcutaneous hyphomycosis caused by Scytalidium hyalinum. Am J Clin Pathol 82: 252–256, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Baker RD, Seabury JH, Schneidau JD: Subcutaneous and cutaneous mucormycosis and subcutaneous phycomycosis. Lab Invest 11: 1091–1102, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Helm TN, Mazanec D: Disseminated aspergillosis presenting as a skin abscess. Cleveland Clin J. Med 57: 92–94, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Ries KM, White GL, Murdock RT: Atypical mycobacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium marinum. N Engl J Med 322: 633, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Stellbrink HJ, Koperski K, Albrecht H, et al: Mycobacterium kansasii infection limited to skin and lymph node in a patient with AIDS. Clin Exp Dermatol 15: 457–458, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Gannon M, Otridge B, Hone R, et al: Cutaneous Mycobacterium malmoense infection in an immunocompromised patient. Int J Dermatol 29: 149–150, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Mowbray DN, Palier AS, Nelson PE, et al: Disseminated Fusarium solani infection with cutaneous nodules in a bone marrow transplant patient. Int J Dermatol 27: 698–701, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Sneeringer RM, Haas DW: Cutaneous Alternaria infection in a patient on chronic corticosteroids. J Tenn Med Assoc 83: 15–17, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Patterson JW, Brown PC, Broecker AH: Infection-induced panniculitis. J Cutan Pathol 16: 183–193, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Silverman AK, Gilbert SC, Watkins D, et al: Panniculitis in an immunocompromised patient. J Am Acad Dermatol 24: 912–914, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA

    Elaine T. Kaye

  2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA

    Elaine T. Kaye & Richard Allen Johnson

  3. Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA

    Richard Allen Johnson

  4. Infectious Disease Unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA

    John S. Wolfson

  5. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA

    John S. Wolfson & Arthur J. Sober

  6. Dermatology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA

    Arthur J. Sober

Authors
  1. Elaine T. Kaye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard Allen Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John S. Wolfson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Arthur J. Sober
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Robert H. Rubin M.D. (Chief of Transplantation Infectious Disease, Director of the Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutics) (Chief of Transplantation Infectious Disease, Director of the Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutics)

  2. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Robert H. Rubin M.D. (Chief of Transplantation Infectious Disease, Director of the Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutics) (Chief of Transplantation Infectious Disease, Director of the Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutics)

  3. Pacific California Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA

    Lowell S. Young M.D. (Director of Kuzell Institute for Arthritis and Infectious Diseases, Chief of Division of Infectious Diseases) (Director of Kuzell Institute for Arthritis and Infectious Diseases, Chief of Division of Infectious Diseases)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kaye, E.T., Johnson, R.A., Wolfson, J.S., Sober, A.J. (1994). Dermatologic Manifestations of Infection in the Compromised Host. In: Rubin, R.H., Young, L.S. (eds) Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2490-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2490-8_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-44617-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2490-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation