Abstract
It is an honor and a pleasure to contribute to and participate in this prestigious course at the University Complutense, directed by the eminent scientist and teacher Dr. Santiago Grisolia. The topic of the course, dealing with the relationships of excess ammonia, liver pathology, and brain deficiency, indicates the interrelationships of the various organs in the body, and also indicates the need for us to identify the processes that are unique to an organ or are of special significance for it. One reason for selecting protein breakdown for discussion was its important relationship to ammonia, its products — amino acids. In general, only 0.1 to 1.0 percent of the amino acids are in the free amino acid pool as compared to the protein-bound forms; therefore, breakdown of only one percent of the proteins would increase the content in the free pool 2–10 fold. Therefore, protein breakdown could have an important influence on ammonia metabolism.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baudry, M., DuBrin, R., Beasley, L., Leon, M., and Lynch, G., 1986, Low levels of calpain activity inchiroptera brain: Implications for mechanisms of agin, Neurobiol. Aging 7:255–258.
Lynch, G., Larson, J., and Baudry, M., 1986, Proteases, neuronal stability, and brain aging: an hypothesis. In: Treatment Development Strategies for Alzheimer’s Disease, (Crook, T., Bartus, R.T., Ferris, S., and Gershon, S. eds.). Mark Powley Assoc, Inc., Madison, CT, pp. 119–149.
Banay-Schwartz, M., Giuffrida, A. M., DeGuzman, T., Sershen, H., and Lajtha, A., 1979, Effect of undernutrition on cerebral protein metabolism, Exp. Neurol. 65:157–168.
Austin, L., Lowry, O. H., Brown, J. G., and Carter, J. G., 1972, The turnover of protein in discrete areas of rat brain, J. Biochem. 126:351–359.
Oja, S. S., 1967, Studies on protein metabolism in developing rat brain, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A5. 131:1–81.
Dunlop, D. S., Van Eiden, W., and Lajtha, A., 1977, Developmental effects on protein synthesis rates in regions of the CNS in vivo and in vitro, J. Neurochem. 29:939–945.
Seta, K., Sansur, M., and Lajtha, A., 1973, The rate of incorporation of amino acids into brain proteins during infusion in the rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 294:472–480.
Dunlop, D. S., Van Elden, W., and Lajtha, A., 1975, A method for measuring brainprotein synthesis rates in young and adult rats, J. Neurochem. 24:337–344.
Lajtha, A., and Toth, J., 1966, Instability of cerebral proteins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 23:294–298.
Bracco, F., Banay-Schwartz, M., DeGuzman, T., and Lajtha, A., 1982, Membrane-bound tubulin: resistance to cathepsin D and susceptibility to thrombin, Neurochem. Int. 4:501–511.
Bracco, F., Banay-Schwartz, M., DeGuzman, T., and Lajtha, A., 1982, Brain tubulin breakdown by cerebral cathepsin, D. Neurochem. Int. 4:541–549.
Lajtha, A., Dunlop, D., Patlak, C., and Toth, J., 1979, Compartments of protein metabolism in the developing brain, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 561:491–501.
Lajtha, A., Latzkovits, L., and Toth, J., 1976, Comparison of turnover rates of proteins of the brain, liver, and kidney in mouse in vivo following long-term labeling, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 425:511–520.
Dunlop, D. S., Van Eiden, W., and Lajtha, A., 1978, Protein degradation rates in regions of the central nervous system in vivo during development, J. Biochem. 170:637–642.
Kenessey, A., Banay-Schwartz, M., DeGuzman, T., and Lajtha, A., 1989, Increase in cathepsin D activity in rat brain in aging, J. Neurosci. Res. 23:454–456.
Matus, A., and Green, G. D. J., 1987, Age-related increase in a cathepsin D like protease that degrades brain microtubule-associated protein, Biochemistry. 26:8083–8086.
Wiederanders, B., and Oelke, B., 1984, Accumulation of inactive cathepsin D in old rats, Mech. Age. Dev. 24:265–271.
Kenessey, A., Banay-Schwartz, M., DeGuzman, T., and Lajtha, A., 1990, Calpain II activity and calpastatin content in brain regions of 3-and 24-month-old rats, Neurochem. Res. 15:243–249.
Fando, J. L., Slainas, M., and Wasterlain, C. G., 1990, Age-dependent changes in brain protein synthesis in the rat, Neurochem. Res. 5:373–383.
Avola, R., Condorelli, D. F., Ragusa, N., Renis, M., Alberghina, M., Giuffrida Stella, A.M., and Lajtha, A., 1988, Protein synthesis rates in rat brain regions and subcellular fractions during aging, Neurochem. aes. 13:337–342.
Ingvar, M. C., Maeder, P., Sokoloff, L., and Smith, C. B., 1985, Effects of ageing on local rates of cerebral protein synthesis in Sprague-Dawley rats, Brain 108:155–170.
Sayegh, J. F., Sershen, H., and Lajtha, A., 1992, Different effects of hypothermia on amino acid incorporation and on amino acid uptake in the brain in vivo, Neurochem. Res. 17:553–557.
Lajtha, A., and Sershen, H., 1975, Changes in the rates of protein synthesis in the brain of goldfish at various temperatures, Life Sci. 17:1861–1868.
Sayegh, J. D., and Lajtha, A., 1989, In vivo rates of protein synthesis in brain, muscle, and liver of five vertebrate species, Neurochem. Res. 14:1165–1168.
DeMartino, G. N., and Blumenthal, D. K., 1982, Identification and partial purification of a factor that stimulates calcium-dependent proteases, Biochemistry. 21:4297–4303.
Pontremoli, S., Melloni, E., Michetti, M., Sparatore, B., Salamino, F., Siliprandi, N., and Horecker, B. L., 1987, Isovalerylcarnitine is a specific activator of calpain of human neutrophils, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 148:1189–1195.
Najm, I., Vanderklish, P., Etebari, A., Lynch, G., and Baudry, M., 1991, Complex interactions between polyamines and calpain-mediated proteolysis in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 57:1151–1158.
Pontremoli, S., Melloni, E., Viotti, P. L., Michetti, M., Di Lisa, F., and Siliprandi, N., 1990, Isovalerylcarnitine is a specific activator of the high calcium requiring calpain forms, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 167:373–380.
Pontremoli, S., Sparatore, B., Salamino, F., Michetti, M., Sacco, O., and Melloni, E., 1985, Reversible activation of human neutrophil calpain promoted by interaction with plasma membranes, Biochem. Int. 11:35–44.
Pontremoli, S., Melloni, E., Salamino, F., Patrone, M., Michetti, M., and Horecker, B. L., 1989, Activation of neutrophil calpain following its translocation to the plasma membrane induced by phorbol ester or fMet-Leu-Phe, Biochem. Biophys. 160:737–743.
Shiba, E., Ariyoshi, H., Yano, Y., Kawasaki, T., Sakon, M., Kambayashi, J., and Mori, T., 1992, Purification and characterization of a calpain activator from human platelets, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182:461–465.
Pontremoli, S., Viotti, P. L., Michetti, M., Sparatore, B., Salamino, F., and Melloni, E., 1990, Identification of an endogenous activator of calpain in rat skeletal muscle, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 171:569–574.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lajtha, A. (1993). Controls of Cerebral Protein Breakdown. In: Grisolía, S., Felipo, V. (eds) Cirrhosis, Hyperammonemia, and Hepatic Encephalopathy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 341. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2484-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2484-7_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6058-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2484-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive