Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Critical Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Contraceptive Steroids

  • Chapter
Book cover Steroid Contraceptives and Women’s Response

Part of the book series: Reproductive Biology ((RBIO))

  • 133 Accesses

Abstract

A large number of pharmacokinetic studies of the contraceptive steroids have been performed during the past 25 years but in spite of this our knowledge is still meager. Most of the early studies were performed before many of the problems encountered in such studies were fully realized. The serum concentrations attained after administration of the contraceptive steroids, and hence the pharmacokinetic parameters derived from such measurements, are affected by many different factors. These may have programmatic implications in respect of the acceptability, side effects and beneficial influences of the contraceptive steroids.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fotherby K. Potency and pharmacokinetics of gestagens. Contraception 41:533. 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Fotherby K. Pharmacokinetics of gestagens: some problems. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:323. 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fotherby K. Interactions with oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:2153. 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Shi YE, et. al. Pharmacokinetic study of RU486. 1990 (In preparation).

    Google Scholar 

  5. He CH, et. al. Pharmacokinetic study of two types of post-coital contraceptive containing levonorgestrel. Contraception 41:557. 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gibian H, et. al. Effect of particle size on biological activity of norethisterone. Acta Physiol Lat Amer 18:323. 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Saperstein S, et. al. Pharmacokinetics of norethindrone; effect of particle size. Contraception 40:731. 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fotherby K. Factors affecting the duration of action of injectable contraceptives. Contracept Deliv Syst 2:249. 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fotherby K. Pharmacokinetics of ethynyloestradiol in humans. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 4:133. 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Moore JW, Bulbrook RD. Epidemiology and function of SHBG. Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology 10:180. 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Herschcopf RJ, Bradlow HL. Obesity, diet and estrogens. Am J Clin Nutr 45:283. 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Reed MJ, et. al. Oestrogen metabolism in women: the role of dietary lipids. J Ster Biochem 27:985. 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Madhavan NK, et. al. Pharmacokinetics of LNG in Indian women. Contraception 20:303. 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Prasad RNV, et. al. Single dose kinetics of norethisterone in lactovegetarians. Singapore J Obstet Gynaecol 12:59. 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fielding JE. Smoking and health effects. N Eng J Med 313:491. 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Stillman RJ, Rosenberg MJ, Sachs BJ. Smoking and reproduction. Fertil Steril 46:545. 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hart P, et. al. Enhanced drug metabolism in cigarette smokers. Br Med J 2:141. 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Friedman AJ, Ravnikar VA, Barbieri, RL. Serum steroid profiles in smokers and non smokers. Fertil Steril 47:398. 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jensen J, Christiansen C, Rodbro, P. Cigarette smoking and serum estrogens during HRT. N Engl J Med 313:973. 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Michnovicz JJ, et. al. Cigarette smoking alters oestrogen metabolism. Metabolism 38:537. 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Crawford P, et. al. Steroid plasma concentrations in smokers and non smokers. Br Med J 282:1829. 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kanarkowski R, et. al. Pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in relation to smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 43:23. 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Vessel ES. Genetic and environmental factors affecting drug disposition. Clin Pharm Ther 22:659. 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fotherby K. Variability of pharmacokinetic parameters of contraceptive steroids. J Ster Biochem 19:817. 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Goldzieher JW. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ethinylestrogens and their clinical implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:318. 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Fotherby K. Intrasubject variability in the pharmacokinetics of ethynyloestradiol. J Ster Biochem 38:733. 1991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fotherby K, et. al. Pharmacokinetics of ethynyloestradiol in women from different populations. Contraception 23:487. 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lemmer B. Chronopharmacology. Dekker, New York, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kiriwat O, Fotherby K. Pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives after morning or evening administration. Contraception 27:153. 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Royal Postgraduate Medical School, University of London, London, W12 ONN, UK

    Kenneth Fotherby

Authors
  1. Kenneth Fotherby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA

    Rachel Snow

  2. World Health Organization, Geneva 27, 1211, Switzerland

    Peter Hall

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fotherby, K. (1994). A Critical Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Contraceptive Steroids. In: Snow, R., Hall, P. (eds) Steroid Contraceptives and Women’s Response. Reproductive Biology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2445-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2445-8_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-44718-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2445-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation