Summary
The emphasis of this overview is placed on the synthetic potential and relevant characteristics of three classes of synthetic heterogeneous chiral catalysts (not covered are heterogeneous biocatalysts). i) Modified “classical” heterogeneous catalysts. The addition of chiral, low molecular weight modifiers to supported metal catalysts is most successful for preparing hydrogenation catalysts for α- and β-functionalized ketones. The main emphasis is on synthetic and technical applications but an update on mechanistic investigations and new systems is also given. The use of modified metal oxides is summarized. So far, only modified pillared clays for the epoxidation of allylic alcohols and the oxidation of aryl sulfides are of synthetic interest. ii) Chiral polymers. Reviewed are the uses of natural and synthetic chiral polymers as catalysts and supports. A few interesting concepts are described even though the synthetic application is restricted to poly(aminoacids) as selective catalysts for the epoxidation of chalcones and a polymer supported dipeptide for the hydrocyanation of aldehydes. A short section describes enantioselective reactions in chiral liquid crystal and gels. iii) Immobilized metal complexes. The preparation of different types of immobilized analogs of effective homogeneous chiral catalysts is assessed in detail. Each type is illustrated with representative examples. Requirements are discussed that are thought to be decisive for their synthetic application. Immobilized catalysts with high enantioselectivity and satisfactory activity have been developed for several reaction types. Most work has been carried out in hydrogenation, hydroformylation and oxidation reactions.
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Blaser, HU., Pugin, B. (1995). Scope and Limitations of the Application of Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts. In: Jannes, G., Dubois, V. (eds) Chiral Reactions in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1909-6_5
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