Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Taxonomy of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

A Starting Point for Their Biotechnology

  • Chapter
Book cover Biotechnology of Ectomycorrhizae

Abstract

Early mycorrhiza researchers paid little heed to differences between fungal taxa or genotypes in host response. The common difficulty of duplicating experimental results was probably due in part to differences between the fungi involved. Now the importance of identifying fungi in experiments is widely recognized. Taxonomy thus is an integral part of mycorrhiza research. Taxonomy is a process of hypothesis testing. A Latin fungal name is a brief statement of hypotheses: 1) the species differs inherently from all other species previously described, and 2) it is more closely related to other species in the genus to which it is assigned than to species in other genera. Fungal taxonomy was originally based on macroscopic features. Microscopic and physiological features were subsequently added as important characters. Morphological, anatomical and physiological characters still provide the starting point for erecting and testing taxonomic hypotheses, but these have limitations for separating closely related taxa or revealing phylogenetic relationships. Now, DNA analyses provide powerful tools for more precise testing of taxonomic hypotheses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agerer, R., 1986, Studies on ectomycorrhizae II. Introducing remarks on characterization and identification, Mycotaxon 26: 473–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, J.L., Fowles, N.L., and Rygiewicz, P.T., 1989, Restriction length polymorphisms distinguish ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil 116: 1–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.B., Bailey, S.S., and Pukkila, P.J., 1989, Variation in ribosomal DNA among biological species of Armillaria ,a genus of root-infecting fungi, Evolution 43: 1652–1662.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldauf, S.L., and Palmer, J.D., 1993, Animals and fungi are each other’s closest relatives: Congruent evidence from multiple proteins, Proc. Nat Acad. Sci. 90: 11558–11562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, T. D., Fogel, R., and Taylor, J. W., 1990, Amplification and sequencing of DNA from fungal herbarium specimens, Mycologia 82 (2): 175–184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brans, T. D., Fogel, R., White, T. J., and Palmer, J. D., 1989. Accelerated evolution of a false-truffle from a mushroom ancestor, Nature 339: 140–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brans, T.D., and Palmer, J.D., 1989, Evolution of mushroom mitochondrial DNA: Suillus and related genera, J. Mol. Evol. 28: 349–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brans, T. D,, White, T. J., and Taylor, J. W, 1991, Fungal molecular systematics, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 525–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cenis, J.L., 1992, Rapid extraction of fungal DNA for PCR amplification, Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 2380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clements, F. E., and Shear, C. L., 1931, The Genera of Fungi, H. W. Wilson Co., New York. 496 pp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Crowhurst, R.N., Hawthorne B.T., Rikkerink, E.H.A., and Templeton, M.D., 1991, Differentiation of Fusarium solani f. sp, cucritae races 1 and 2 by random amplification of polymorphic DNA, Curr. Gen. 20, 391–396.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg, A., and Stenlid, J., 1990, Population structure and dynamics in Suillus bovinus as indicated by spatial distribution of fungal clones, New Phytol 115: 487–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egger, K.N., Danielson, R.M., and Fortin, J.A., 1991, Taxonomy and population structure of E-strain mycorrhizal fungi inferred from ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms, Mycol. Res. 95: 866–872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egger, K.N., and Fortin, J.A., 1990, Identification of taxa of E-strain mycorrhizal fungi by restriction fragment analysis, Can. J. For. Res. 68: 1482–1488.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erland, S., Henrion, B., Martin, F. Glover, L.A., and Alexander, I.J., 1994, Identification of the ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete Tylospora fibrillosa Donk by RFLP analysis of the PCR-amplified ITS and IGS regions of ribosomal DNA, New Phytol. 126: 525–532.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feibelman, T., Bayman, P., and Cibula, W.G., 1994, Length variation in the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA in chantarelles, Mycol. Res. 98: 614–618.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, B., 1885, Über die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch unterirdische Pilze, Ben Deut. Bot. Gesell. 3: 128–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardes, M., and Bruns, T.D., 1993, ITS primers with enhanced specificity for Basidiomycetes- application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts, Mol. Ecol. 2: 113–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardes, M., Fortin, J.A., Mueller, G.M., and Kropp, B.R., 1990, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the nuclear ribosomal DNA of four Laccaria spp.: L. bicolor, L. laccata, L. proxima and L. amethystina, Phytopathol. 80: 1312–1317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardes, M., White, T. J., Fortin, J. A., Bruns, T. D., and Taylor, J. W, 1991, Identification of indigenous and introduced symbiotic fungi in ectomycorrhizae by amplification of nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA, Can. J. Bot. 69: 180–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, G.C., Mayers, P., and Henry, R.J., 1994, A simplified method for the preparation of fungal genomic DNA for PCR and RAPD analysis, Biotechniques 16: 48–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heim, R., 1971, The interrelationships between the Agaricales and Gasteromycetes, In Petersen, R. H. (ed.), Evolution in the Higher Basidiomycetes, Univ. Tennessee Press, Knoxville. pp. 505–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrion, B., Chevalier, G., and Martin, F., 1994 Typing truffle species by PCR amplification of the ribosomal DNA spacers, Mycol. Res. 98: 37–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henrion, B., Le Tacon, F., and Martin, F., 1992, Rapid identification of genetic variation of ectomycorrhizal fungi by amplification of ribosomal RNA genes, New Phytol. 122: 289–298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hibbett, D.S., and Vilgalys, R., 1993, Phylogenetic relationships of Lentinus (Basidiomycotina) inferred from molecular and morphological characters, Syst. Bot. 18: 409–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horgen, P.A., Arthur, R., Davy, O., Mourn, A., Herr, F., Straus, N., and Anderson, J., 1984, The nucleotide sequence homologies of unique DNAs of some cultivated and wild mushrooms, Can. J. Microbiol. 30: 587–593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, K.M., Miller, O.K., Jr., and Turner, B.J., 1993, Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers are superior to somatic incompatibility tests for discriminating genotypes in natural populations of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus granulatus, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 90: 8159–9163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julien, W, 1981, Higher Taxa of Basidiomycetes, J. Cramer, Vaduz. 484 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jumpponen, A.M., and Trappe, J.M., 1994, Population structure of Phialocephala fortinii root endophyte on a glacial forefront, Proc. Fourth Eur. Symp. on Mycorrhizas ,Granada (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohn, L.M., 1992, Developing new characteristics for fungal systematics: an experimental approach for determining the rank of resolution, Mycologia 84: 139–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lecellier, G., and Silar, P. 1994, Rapid methods for nucleic acids extraction from Petri dish-grown mycelia, Curr. Gen. 25: 122–123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lobuglio, K.F., Rogers, S.O., and Wang, C.J.K., 1992, Variation in ribosomal DNA among isolates of the mycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum ,Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 2331–2343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marmaisse, J.C., Debaud, J.C., and Casselton, L.A., 1992, DNA probes for species and strain identification in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma, Mycol. Res. 96: 161–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, F., Zaiou, M., Le Tacon, F., and Rygiewicz, P., 1991, Strain specific differences in ribosomal DNA from the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton and Laccaria laccata (Scop ex Fr) Br., Ann. For. 48:297–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehmann, B., Brunner, I., and Braus, G. H., 1994, Nucleotide sequence variation of chitin synthase genes among ectomycorrhizal fungi and its potential use in taxonomy, App. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 3105–3111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier, J.-R., and Grimont, P. A.D., 1993, Factors affecting reproducibility of random amplified polymorphic DA fingerprinting, Res. Microbiol. 144: 373–379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O. K., Jr., 1982, Ectomycorrhizae in the Agaricales and Gasteromycetes. Can. J. Bot. 61: 909–916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, G. M., 1992, Systematics of Laccaria (Agaricales) in the continental United States and Canada, with discussion on extralimital taxa and descriptions of extant types, Fieldiana n.s. 30: 1–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pääbo, S., Gifford, J.A., and Wilson, A.C., 1988, Mitochondrial DNA sequences from a 7000-year-old brain, Nucleic Acids Res. 16:9775–9787.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pääbo, S., and Wilson, A.C., 1988, Polymerase chain reaction reveals cloning artifacts, Nature 334: 387–388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Read, D. J., Lewis, D. H., Fitter, A. H., and Alexander, I. J., 1991, Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems, C.A.B. International, Wallingford, U.K. 419 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redhead, S. A., 1984, Mycological observations 13-14: on Hypsizygus and Tricholoma, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 25: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S. O., Rehner, S., Bledsoe, C., Mueller, G. J., and Ammirati, J. F., 1989, Extraction of DNA from Basidiomycetes for ribosomal DNA hybridizations, Can. J. Bot. 67: 1235–1243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rygiewicz, P.T., And Armstrong, J.L., 1991, Ectomycorrhizal DNA: isolation, RFLPs and probe hybridization. In Norris, J.R., Read, D.J., and Varma, A.K., (eds.), Methods in Microbiology, vol. 23, London, Academic Press. pp. 253–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., Mullins, K. B., and Erlich, H. A., 1988, Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase, Science 239: 487–491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, L., Lalonde, M., and Bruns, T. D., 1992, Specific amplification of 18S fungal ribosomal genes from vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots, Applied Environ. Microbiol. 58: 291– 295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. H., 1973, Agaricales and related secotioid Gasteromycetes, In Ainsworth, G. C., Sparrow, F. K.,and Sussman, A. S. (eds.), The Fungi-an Advanced Treatise, Vol. IVB, Academic Press, New York. pp. 421–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swann, E.C., and Taylor, J.W, 1993, Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes: an 18S rRNA gene perspective, Mycologia 85: 923–936.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trappe, J. M., 1962., Fungus associates of ectotrophic mycorrhizae, Bot. Rev. 28: 538–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trappe, J. M., 1967, Principles of classifying ectotrophic mycorrhizae for identification of fungal symbionts, 14th Congr. Internat. Un. For. Res. Org. Proc. Sec. 24: 46–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trappe, J. M., 1977, Selection of fungi for ectomycorrhizal inoculation in nurseries, Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 15: 203–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trappe, J. M., and M. A. Castellano, 1991. Mycolit: a Mycorrhiza Bibliography, 1758-1991, Mycologue Publications, Waterloo, Ontario. 550 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. National Science Foundation, 1994, Special Competition in Systematic Biology: Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy (PEET). Washington, D. C. 4 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilgalys, R., 1988, Genetic relatedness among anastomosis groups in Rhizoctonia as measured by DNA/DNA hybridization, Phytopathol. 78: 698–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilgalys, R., and Gonzales, D., 1990, Ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in Rhizoc tonia solani, Phytopathol. 80: 151–158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, E. G., Burdet, H. M., Chaloner, W. G., Demoulin, V, Hiepko, P., McNeill, J., Meikle, R. D., Nicolson, D. H., Rollins, R. C., Silva, P. C., and Greuter, W, 1983, International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Bonn, Scheltema &Holkema, Utrecht. 472 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, P.O., Hinkle, G., Sogin, M.L., and Stickel, S.K., 1993, Monophyletic origins of the metazoa: an evolutionary link with fungi, Science 260: 340–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, J., and McClelland, M., 1990, Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers, Nucleic Acids Res. 18:7213–7218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S., and Taylor, J., 1990, Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics, In Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., and White, T.J. (eds.), CR Protocols: a Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, New York. pp. 315-322

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.G. K., Kubelik, A.R., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, J.A., and Tingey, S.V., 1990, DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers, Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 6531–6535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-7501, USA

    James M. Trappe & Ari Jumpponen

Authors
  1. James M. Trappe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ari Jumpponen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy

    Vilberto Stocchi

  2. University of Turin and Center of Mycology, CNR, Turin, Italy

    Paola Bonfante

  3. University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Marco Nuti

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Trappe, J.M., Jumpponen, A. (1995). Taxonomy of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. In: Stocchi, V., Bonfante, P., Nuti, M. (eds) Biotechnology of Ectomycorrhizae. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1889-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1889-1_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5770-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1889-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation