Abstract
Carbohydrates have important biologic roles, and they participate in a number of biologic reactions including stabilizing the structure and function of proteins, as receptors for soluble effectors, microorganisms and intracellular recognition, as biological catalysts for protein enzymes, and as primary or secondary messengers for a variety of intracellular processes (Varki, 1993). Because carbohydrates are vital to biological processes, their presence or absence can be associated with disease making them excellent candidate diagnostic markers. Measurement of carbohydrate analytes are used to predict disease, and several are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use by physicians. These include the measurement of advanced glycation end-products in diabetes mellitus (Bucala, 1992) and the measurement of oncodevelopmental carbohydrate antigens in cancer (Sell, 1990, Laferte, 1994). Other carbohydrates being measured experimentally to determine their usefulness as predictors of disease include the measurement of free oligosaccharides in body fluids of patients with lysosomal storage diseases (LSD)(Hommes, 1991, Wappner, 1993), unique carbohydrates in mycobacterial infections (Hunter, 1986, Honda, 1993), abnormal glycosylation of proteins in cancer (Aoyagi, 1993), and liver disease (Martinez, 1987, Stibler, 1991, Yamauchi, 1993, Tsusumi, 1994). Additionally, as more carbohydrate pharmaceuticals emerge and enter the clinic, ways to measure and monitor their levels in patients will become important.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aoyagi, Y., Suzuki, Y., Igarashi, K., Yokota, T., Mori, S., Suda, T., Naitoh, A., Isemura, M., Asakura, H., 1993, Highly enhanced fucosylation of alpha-fetoprotein in patients with germ cell tumor, Cancer, 72:615–18.
Bettica, P., Moro, L., Robins, S.P., Taylor, A.K., Talbot, J., Singer, RR., Baylink, D.J., 1992, Bone resorption markers galactosyl hydroxylysine, pyridinium crosslinks, and hydroxyproline compared, Clin. Chem. 38:2313–18.
Bucala, R., Cerami, A., and Vlassara, H., 1992, Advanced glycosylation end products in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications, N. Engl. J. Med. 318:1315–21.
Hansen, D.A., Weis, M.A.E., Bollen, A.M., Maslan, S.L., Singer, RR., Eyre, D.R., 1992, A specific immunoassay for monitoring human bone resorption: quantitation of type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides in urine, J. Bone Mineral Res. 7:1251–58.
Hommes FA (ed), 1991, Techniques in Diagnostic Human Biochemical Genetics. New York, Wiley-Liss, pp 69–219.
Honda, I., Kawajiri, K., Watanabe, M., Toida, I., Kawamata, K., Minnikin, D.E., 1993, Evaluation of the use of 5-mycolyl-β-arabinofuranosyl-(l-2)-5-mycolyl-α-arabinofuranosyl-(1–1’)-glycerol in serodiag-nosis of Mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare complex infection, Research. Microbiol. 144:229–235.
Hopwood, J.J., Morris, C.P., 1990, The mucopolysaccharidoses: Diagnosis, molecular genetics and treatment, Mol. Biol. Med., 7:381–404.
Hunter, S.W., Gaylord, H., Brennan, P.J., 1986, Structure and antigenicity of the phosphorylated lipopolysac-charide antigens from the leprosy and tubercle bacilli, J. Biol. Chem. 261:12345–51.
Jackson P., 1991 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reducing saccharides labeled with the fluorophore 2-aminoacridone: Subpicomolar Detection using an imaging system based on a charge-coupled-device. Anal.Chem. 196:238–244.
Laferte, S., Prokopishyn, N.L., Moyana, T., and Bird, R.P., 1994, Oncodevelopmental expression of complex carbohydrates, J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. 18D:264–277.
Larking, P.W., McDonald, B.W., Taylor, M.L., Kirkland, A.D., 1987, Urine glycosaminoglycans in a reference population: Effects of age, body surface area, and postmenopausal status, Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 37:246–54.
Martinez, J., Barsigian, C., 1987, Carbohydrate abnormalities of N-linked plasma glycoproteins in liver disease, Lab. Invest. 57:240–57.
Neufeld, E.F., 1991, Lysosomal storage diseases, Ann. Rev. Biochemistry, 60:257–280.
Seibel, M.J., Cosman, F., Shen, V., Gordon, S., Dempster, D.W., Ratcliffe, A., Lindsay, R., 1993, Urinary hydroxypyridinium crosslinks of collagen as markers of bone resorption and estrogen efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis, J. Bone Mineral Res. 8:881–88.
Seyedin, S.M., Kung, V.T., Daniloff, Y.N., Hesley, R.P., Gomez, B., Nielsen, L.A., Rosen, H.N., Zuk, R.F., 1993, Immunoassay for urinary pyridinoline: The new marker of bone resorption, J. Bone Mineral Res. 8:635–41.
Sell, S., 1990, Cancer-associated carbohydrates identified by monoclonal antibodies, Human Pathol. 21:1003– 1019.
Stibler, H., 1991, Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in serum: A new marker of potentially harmful alcohol consumption reviewed, Clin. Chem. 37:2029–31.
Thoene, J.G. (ed), 1992, Guide to Rare Diseases, Dowden Publishers, Montvale, N.J.
Todorova, St., Antov, G., Levi, S., Michailova, A., Topalova, N., Toneva, Z., 1992, Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, Horm. Metab. Res. 24:585–7.
Tsusumi, M., Wang, J.S., Takada, A., 1994, Microheterogeneity of serum glycoproteins in alcoholics: Is desialo-transferrin the marker of chronic alcohol drinking or alcoholic liver injury?, Alcoholism Clin. Exper. Res. 18:392–7.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 1991, Osteoporosis research, education and health promotion, U.S. Public Health Service and National Institutes of Health Report.
Varki, A., 1993, Biological roles of oligosaccharides: All of the theories are correct. Glycobiology 3:97–130.
Wappner R.S., 1993, Biochemical diagnosis of genetic diseases, Pediatr. Ann., 22:282–297.
Williams, G.R., Jackson, P., 1992, Analysis of carbohydrates, U.S. Patent 5,104,508.
Yamauchi, M., Hirakawa, J., Maezawa, Y., Nishikawa, F., Mizuhara, Y., Ohata, M., Nakajima, H., Toda, G.,1993, Serum level of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of chronic alcoholic liver disease,Alcohol. Alcoholism 1B(Suppl):3–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Klock, J.C., Starr, C.M. (1995). The Different Faces of Disease. In: Alavi, A., Axford, J.S. (eds) Glycoimmunology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 376. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1885-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1885-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5768-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1885-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive