Abstract
Detecting defects, for example cracks, (1) is important in predicting the lifetime of a material. The growth behavior of short cracks(2) plays an essential role in the lifetime of a component, since the lifetime is mainly controlled by the time required for a crack to grow from a certain initial size to about 1 millimeter. Cracks are defined as short when for example the crack length is small compared with the microstructure of the specimen or when the crack is simply shorter than ≈0.5 mm.(3) The growth of short surface breaking cracks can be measured by light microscopy (LM) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A common method of studying short cracks is a replica technique based on taking several plastic replicas at various stages of crack growth and subsequently examining these replicas with LM or SEM.(4,5) The disadvantage of these techniques however, is that they give information about crack development only on the surface of the specimen, so that the depth of the crack has to be determined indirectly by assuming the shape of the crack. For long cracks this may be appropriate because a local change in propagation direction does not alter the overall crack geometry on which the driving force of the crack depends.(6–8) However for short cracks, a change in propagation direction can alter the crack geometry significantly and thus change the driving force for the crack propagation. If its size is comparable with the microstructure of the material, a deflection of the crack at a grain boundary can alter the overall crack geometry. To understand the behavior of short cracks, it is therefore necessary to measure their three-dimensional growth. This can be achieved by using acoustic waves, which can penetrate into the material. In this way the crack depth can be measured directly.
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Knauss, D., Zhai, T., Briggs, G.A.D., Martin, J.W. (1995). Measuring Short Cracks by Time-Resolved Acoustic Microscopy. In: Briggs, A. (eds) Advances in Acoustic Microscopy. Advances in Acoustic Microscopy, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1873-0_2
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