Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to outline the reasons why certain items of information are sought for a description of membrane transport, to describe the various types of NMR experiment that can be used to obtain estimates of the rates of membrane transport, and to illustrate the various NMR procedures with biological examples. The major appeal of the NMR method in this context lies in the fact that the measurements do not usually require the physical separation of the cells or vesicles from their suspending solution. The work described here is a subset of the large number of NMR studies that have been carried out in recent years on living systems (for reviews see Shulman, 1979; Gadian and Radda, 1981; Kuchel, 1981, 1989; Gadian, 1982; Avison et al., 1986; Cerdan and Seelig, 1990; Lundberg et al., 1990). NMR studies of membrane transport have recently been reviewed (Kirk, 1990; Kuchel, 1990; King and Boyd, 1991); the first two reviews are directed mostly at “NMR audiences” and the latter to “biological audiences.” It is the intention that this chapter might be useful to readers who are NMR experts as well as those who are not; the latter may be encouraged to try the NMR counterparts of more conventional experiments and the former may find something of interest in these newer applications of NMR spectroscopy.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abel, E. W., Coston, T.P.J., Orrell, K. G., Sik, V., and Stephenson, D., 1986, Two-dimensional NMR exchange spectroscopy. Quantitative treatment of multisite exchanging systems, J. Magn. Resort. 70:34–53.
Abragam, A., 1978, The Principles of Nuclear Magnetism, Oxford University Press (Clarendon), London.
Akitt, J. W., 1983, NMR and Chemistry: An Introduction to the Fourier Transform-Multinuclear Era, 2nd ed., Chapman&Hall, London.
Alger, J. R., and Prestegard, J. H., 1979, Nuclear magnetic resonance study of acetic acid permeation of large unilamellar vesicle membranes, Biophys. J. 28:1–14.
Alger, J. R., and Shulman, R. G., 1984, NMR studies of enzymatic rates in vitro and in vivo by magnetization transfer, Q. Rev. Biophys. 17:83–124.
Allis, J. L., Dixon, R. M., Till, A. M., and Radda, G. K., 1989, 87Rb NMR studies for the evaluation of K+ fluxes in human erythrocytes, J. Magn. Reson. 85:524–529.
Allis, J. L., Dixon, R. M., and Radda, G. K., 1990, A study of transverse relaxation of 87Rb in agarose gels by triple-quantum filtration, J. Magn. Reson. 90:141–147.
Anderson, S. E., Adorante, J. S., and Cala, P. M., 1988, Dynamic NMR measurement of volume regulatory changes in Amphiuma RBC Na+ content, Am. J. Physiol. 254:C466–C474.
Andrasko, J., 1976a, Measurement of membrane permeability to slowly perrmeating molecules by a pulse gradient NMR method, J. Magn. Reson. 21:479–484.
Andrasko, J., 1976b, Water diffusion permeability of human erythrocytes studied by a pulsed field gradient NMR technique, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 428:304–311.
Andrew, E. R., 1990, Magnetic resonance imaging, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 4:1269–1281.
Arnold, J. T., 1956, Magnetic resonance of protons in ethyl alcohol, Phys. Rev. 102:136–150.
Ashley, D. L., and Goldstein, J. H., 1980, The application of dextran magnetite as a relaxation agent in the measurement of water exchange using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 97:114–120.
Avison, M. J., Hetherington, H. P., and Shulman, R. G., 1986, Applications of NMR to studies of tissue metabolism, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 15:377–402.
Baine, P., 1986, Comparison of rate constants determined by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy with rate constants determined by other NMR techniques, Magn. Reson. Chem. 24:304–307.
Batley, M., and Redmond, J., 1982, 31P NMR reference standards for aqueous samples, J. Magn. Reson. 49:172–174.
Bax, A., 1984, Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in liquids, Delft University Press, Dordrecht.
Bendall, M. R., Pegg, D. T., and Dodrell, D. M., 1981, Polarization transfer pulse sequences for two-dimensional NMR by Heisenberg vector analysis, J. Magn. Reson. 45:8–29.
Bendall, M. R., Pegg, D. T., Dodrell, D. M., and Field, J., 1983, Inverse DEPT sequence. Polarization transfer from a spin-1/2 nucleus to n spin-1/2 heteronuclei via correlated motion in the doubly rotating reference frame, J. Magn. Reson. 51:520–526.
Benga, G., 1988, Water transport in red blood cell membranes, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 51:193–245.
Benga, G., 1989a, Water exchange through the erythrocyte membrane, Int. Rev. Cytol. 114:273–316.
Benga, G., ed., 1989b, Water Transport in Biological Membranes, Vol. 1, From Model Membranes to Isolated Cells, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Benga, G., Chapman, B. E., Gallagher, C. H., Cooper, D., and Kuchel, P. W., 1993, NMR studies of diffusional water permeability of red blood cells from macropodid marsupials (kangaroos and wallabies), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104A:799–803.
Berg, O. G., and von Hippel, P. H., 1985, Diffusion-controlled macromolecular interactions, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 14:131–160.
Beutler, E., 1984, Red Cell Metabolism: A Manual of Biochemical Methods, 3rd ed., Grune&Stratton, New York.
Binsch, G. E., 1975, Band shape analysis, in: Dynamic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (L. M. Jackman and F. A. Cotton, eds.), pp. 45–81, Academic Press, New York.
Bleaney, B. I., and Bleaney, B., 1983, Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, London.
Bloch, F., Hansen, W. W., and Packard, M., 1946, Nuclear induction, Phys. Rev. 69:127.
Boulanger, Y., Vinay, P., and Desroches, M., 1985, Measurement of a wide range of intracellular sodium concentrations in erythrocytes by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance, Biophys. J. 47:553–561.
Brahm, J., 1977, Temperature-dependent changes of chloride transport kinetics in human red blood cells, J. Gen. Physiol. 70:283–306.
Brahm, J., 1983, Urea permeability of human red cells, J. Gen. Physiol. 82:1–23.
Brauer, M., Spread, C. Y., Reithmeier, R.A.F., and Sykes, B. D., 1985, 31P and 35C1 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of anion transport in human erythrocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 260:11643–11650.
Bremer, J., Mendz, G. L., and Moore, W. J., 1984, Skewed exchange spectroscopy. Two-dimensional method for the measurement of cross relaxation in 1H NMR spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:4691–4696.
Brindle, K. M., and Campbell, I. D., 1987, NMR studies of kinetics in cells and tissues, Q. Rev. Biophys. 19:159–182.
Brindle, K. M., Brown, F. F., Campbell, I. D., Grathwohl, C., and Kuchel, P. W., 1979, Application of spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance to whole-cell systems. Biochem. J. 180:37–44.
Brophy, P. J., Hayer, M. K., and Riddell, F. G., 1983, Measurement of intracellular potassium concentrations by NMR, Biochem. J. 210:961–963.
Brown, F. F., 1983, The effect of compartmental location on the proton T2* of small molecules in cell suspensions: A cellular field gradient model, J. Magn. Reson. 54:385–399.
Brown, F. F., Campbell, I. D., Kuchel, P. W., and Rabenstein, D. L., 1977, Human erythrocyte metabolism studies by 1H spin echo NMR, FEBS Lett. 82:12–16.
Brown, F. F., Sussman, I., Avron, M., and Degani, H., 1982, NMR studies of glycerol permeability in lipid vesicles, erythrocytes and the alga Dunaliella, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 690:165–173.
Brown, F. F., Jaroszkiewicz, G., and Jaroszkiewicz, M., 1983, An NMR method for studying the intracellular distribution and transport properties of small molecules in cell suspensions: The chicken erythrocyte system, J. Magn. Reson. 54:400–418.
Brown, R., 1828, in: The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1988, Vol. 2, pp. 559–560, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago.
Brown, T. R., 1980, Saturation transfer in living systems, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 289:441–444.
Brown, T. R., and Ogawa, S., 1977, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance kinetic measurements on adenylate kinase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:3627–3631.
Brown, T. R., Ugurbil, K., and Shulman, R. G., 1977, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of ATPase kinetics in aerobic Escherichia coli cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5551–5553.
Bruker Almanac, 1993, Bruker Analytische Messtechnik, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Bubb, W. A., Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1988, Ethylene glycol as a thermometer for X-nucleus spectroscopy in biological samples, J. Magn. Reson. 77:363–368.
Bulliman, B. T., and Kuchel, P. W., 1988, A series expression for the surface area of an ellipsoid and its application to the computation of the surface area of avian erythrocytes, J. Theor. Biol. 134:113–123.
Bulliman, B. T., Kuchel, P. W., and Chapman, B. E., 1989, ‘Overdetermined’ one dimensional NMR exchange analysis: A 1-D counterpart of the 2-D EXSY experiment, J. Magn. Reson. 82:131–138.
Bulsing, J. M., Brooks, W. M., Field, J., and Doddrell, D. M., 1984, Reverse polarization transfer through matrix order multiple-quantum coherence: A reverse POMMIE sequence, Chem. Phys. Lett. 104:229–234.
Burum, D. P., and Ernst, R. R., 1980, Net polarization transfer via a J-ordered state for signal enhancement of low-sensitivity nuclei, J. Magn. Reson. 39:163–168.
Bystrov, V. F., Dubrovina, N. I., Barsukov, L. I., and Bergelson, L. D., 1971, NMR differentiation of the internal and external phospholipid membrane surfaces using paramagnetic Mn2+ and Eu3+ ions, Chem. Phys. Lipids 6:343–348.
Callaghan, P. T., 1984, Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance as a probe of liquid state molecular organisation, Aust. J. Phys. 37:359–387.
Callaghan, P. T., 1991, Principles of Magnetic Resonance Microscopy, Oxford University Press (Clarendon), London.
Campbell, I. D., Dobson, C. M., Jeminet, G., and Williams, R.J.P., 1974, Pulsed NMR methods for the observation and assignment of exchangeable hydrogens: Applications to bacitracin, FEBS Lett. 49:115–119.
Campbell, I. D., Dobson, C. M., and Ratcliffe, R. G., 1977, Fourier transform NMR in H2O. A method for measuring exchange and relaxation rates, J. Magn. Reson. 27:455–463.
Campbell, I. D., Dobson, C. M., Ratcliffe, R. G., and Williams, R.J.P., 1978, Fourier transform NMR pulse methods for the measurement of slow-exchange rates, J. Magn. Reson. 29:397–417.
Carr, H. Y., and Purcell, E. M., 1954, Effects of diffusion on free precession in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, Phys. Rev. 94:630–638.
Castle, A. M., Macnab, R. M., and Shulman, R. G., 1986, Measurement of intracellular sodium concentration and sodium transport in Escherichia coli by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance, J. Biol. Chem. 261:3288–3294.
Cerdan, S., and Seelig, J., 1990, NMR studies of metabolism, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 19:43–67.
Cerdonio, M., Morantes, S., Torresani, D., Vitale, S., De Young, A., and Noble, R. W., 1985, Reexamination of the evidence for paramagnetism in oxy-and (carbonmonoxy) hemoglobins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:102–103.
Chapman, B. E., and Kuchel, P. W., 1990, Fluoride transmembrane exchange in human erythrocytes measured with 19F NMR magnetization transfer, Eur. Biophys. J. 19:41–45.
Chapman, B. E., and Kuchel, P. W., 1993, Sensitivity in heteronuclear multiple quantum diffusion experiments, J. Magn. Reson. 102:105–109.
Chapman, B. E., MacDermott, T. E., and O’Sullivan, W. J., 1973, Studies on manganese complexes of human serum albumin, Bioinorg. Chem. 3:27–38.
Chapman, B. E., Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1986, Bicarbonate exchange kinetics at equilibrium across the erythrocyte membrane by 13C NMR, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 136:266–272.
Chapman, B. E., Stewart, I. M., Bulliman, B. T., Mendz, G. L., and Kuchel, P. W., 1988, 31P magnetization transfer in the phosphoglyceromutase-enolase coupled enzyme system, Eur. Biophys. J. 16:187–191.
Cheshnovsky, D., and Navon, G., 1978, Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of carbonic anhydrase catalyzed reversible hydration of acetaldehyde by the saturation transfer method, Biochemistry 19:1866–1873.
Cheshnovsky, D., and Navon, G., 1980, NMR saturation transfer studies of the catalysis of the reversible hydration of acetaldehyde by carbonic anhydrase, in: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Molecular Biology (B. Pullman, ed.), pp. 261–271, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Chu, C.-K., Xu, Y., Balschi, J. A., and Springer, C. S., 1990, Bulk magnetic susceptibility in NMR studies of compartmentalized samples: Use of paramagnetic reagents, Magn. Reson. Med. 13:239–262.
Chu, S. C., Pike, M. M., Fossel, E. T., Smith, T. W., Balschi, J. A., and Springer, C. S., 1984, Aqueous shift reagents for high resolution cationic nuclear magnetic resonance. III. Dy (TTHA)3-, Tm (TTHA)3- and Tm (PPP)2 7-, J. Magn. Reson. 56:33–47.
Clore, G. M., Kimber, B. J., and Gronenborn, A. M., 1983, The 1-1 hard pulse: A simple and effective method of water resonance suppression in FT 1H NMR, J. Magn. Reson. 54:170–173.
Conlon, T., and Outhred, R., 1972, Water diffusion permeability of erythrocytes using an NMR technique, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 288:354–361.
Conlon, T., and Outhred, R., 1978, The temperature dependence of erythrocyte water diffusion permeability, Biochim. Biophys, Acta 511:408–418.
Cramer, J. A., and Prestegard, J. H., 1977, NMR studies of pH-induced transport of carboxylic acids across phospholipid vesicle membranes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 75:295–301.
Crank, J., 1975, The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press (Clarendon), London.
Cusler, E. L. 1986, Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems, Cambridge University Press, London.
Dacie, J. V., and Lewis, S. M., 1975, Practical Haematology, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
Dadok, J., and Sprecher, R. F., 1974, Correlation NMR spectroscopy, J. Magn. Reson. 13:243–248.
Davis, D. G., Murphy, E., and London, R. E., 1988, Uptake of cesium ions by human erythrocytes and perfused rate heart: A cesium-133 NMR study, Biochemistry 27:3547–3551.
Degani, H., 1978, NMR kinetic studies of the ionophore X-537A-mediated transport of manganous ions across phospholipid bilayers, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 508:364–369.
Degani, H., and Lenkinski, R., 1980, Ionophoric properties of angiotensin II peptides. Nuclear magnetic resonance kinetic studies of the hormone-mediated transport of manganese ions across phosphatidylcholine bilayers, Biochemistry 19:3430–3434.
Degani, H., Simon, S., and McLaughlin, A. C., 1981, The kinetics of ionophore X-537-A-mediated transport of manganese through dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 646:320–328.
Degani, H., Laughlin, M., Campbell, S., and Shulman, R. G., 1985, Kinetics of creatine kinase in heart: A 31P nmr saturation-and inversion-transfer study, Biochemistry 24:5510–5516.
Deutsch, C. J., and Taylor, J. S., 1987, 19F NMR measurement of intracellular pH, in: NMR Spectroscopy of Cells and Organisms (R. Gupta, ed.), pp. 55–74, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Dobbs, E. R., 1984, Electricity and Magnetism, Routledge&Kegan Paul, London.
Duhm, J., and Behr, J., 1987, Role of exogenous factors in alterations of red cell Na+-Li+ exchange and Na+-K+ cotransport in essential hypertension, primary hyperaldosteronism, and hypo-kalaemia, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 46(Suppl. 180):82–95.
Dumoulin, C. L., and Williams, E. A., 1986, Suppression of uncoupled spins by single-quantum homonuclear polarization transfer, J. Magn. Reson. 66:86–92.
Dwek, R. A., 1973, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (N.M.R.) in Biochemistry, Applications to Enzyme Systems, Oxford University Press (Clarendon), London.
Eakin, R. T., Morgan, L. O., Gregg, C. T., and Matwiyoff, N. A., 1972, Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of living cells and their metabolism of a specifically labelled 13C substrate, FEBS Lett. 28:259–264.
Eigen, M., and De Maeyer, L., 1963, Relaxation methods, in: Techniques of Organic Chemistry (S. L. Freiss, E. S. Lewis, and A. Weissberger, eds.), Vol. VIII(II), pp. 895–1054, Wiley, New York.
Einstein, A., 1906, A new determination of molecular dimension, Ann. Phys. 19:298–306.
Endre, Z. H., and Kuchel, P. W., 1986, Viscosity of concentrated solutions and of human erythro-cyte cytoplasm determined from NMR measurement of molecular correlation times, Biophys. Chem. 24:337–356.
Endre, Z. H., Chapman, B. E., and Kuchel, P. W., 1983a, Intra-erythrocyte microviscosity and diffusion of specifically labelled [glycyl-a-13C]glutathione by using 13C NMR, Biochem. J. 216:655–660.
Endre, Z. H., Kuchel, P. W., and Chapman, B. E., 1983b, Cell volume dependence of 1H spin-echo NMR signals in human erythrocyte suspensions: The influence of in situ field gradients, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 803:137–144.
Endre, Z. H., Allis, J. L., Ratcliffe, P. J., and Radda, G. K., 1989, 87-Rubidium NMR: A novel method of measuring cation flux in intact kidney, Kidney Int. 35:1249–1256.
Engler, R. E., Johnson, E. R., and Wade, C. G., 1988, Dynamic parameters from nonselectively generated 1D exchange spectra, J. Magn. Reson. 77:377–381.
Espanol, M. C., and Mota De Freitas, D., 1987, 7Li NMR studies of lithium transport in human erythrocytes, Inorg. Chem. 26:4356–4359.
Espanol, M. C., Ramasamy, R., and Mota De Freitas, D., 1989, Measurement of lithium transport across human erythrocyte membranes by 7Li NMR spectroscopy, in: Biological and Synthetic Membranes (D. A. Butterfield, ed.), pp. 33–43, Liss, New York.
Fabry, M. E., and Eisenstadt, M., 1975, Water exchange between red cells and plasma. Measurement by nuclear magnetic relaxation, Biophys. J. 15:1101–1110.
Fabry, M. E., and San George, R. C., 1983, Effects of magnetic susceptibility on NMR signals arising from red cells: A warning, Biochemistry 22:4119–4125.
Falke, J. J., Pace, R. J., and Chan, S. I., 1984a, Chloride binding to the anion binding site of band 3. A 35C1 NMR study, J. Biol. Chem. 259:6472–6480.
Falke, J. J., Pace, R. J., and Chan, S. I., 1984b, Direct observation of the transmembrane recruitment of band 3 transport sites by competitive inhibitors. A 35C1 NMR study, J. Biol. Chem. 259:6481–6491.
Fernandez, E., Grandjean, J., and Laszlo, P., 1987, Ion transport by lasalocid A across red-blood-cell membranes, Eur. J. Biochem. 167:353–359.
Ferrige, A. G., Lindon, J. C., and Paterson, R. A., 1979. High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of interaction between deoxyhaemoglobin and small molecules; dithionite and diphosphoglycerate, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 75:2851–2864.
Ford, W. T., Periyasamy, M., Spivey, H. O., and Chandler, J. P., 1985, Magnetization-transfer NMR determination of rates of exchange of solvent in and out of gel polymer beads, J. Magn. Reson. 63:298–305.
Forsén, S., and Hoffman, R. A., 1963, A new method for the study of moderately rapid chemical exchange rates employing nuclear magnetic double resonance, Acta Chem. Scand. 17:1787–1788.
Forsén, S., and Hoffman, R. A., 1964a, Study of moderately rapid chemical exchange reactions by means of nuclear magnetic double resonance, J. Chem. Phys. 39:2892–2901.
Forsén, S., and Hoffman, R. A., 1964b, Exchange rates by nuclear magnetic multiple resonance. III. Exchange reactions in systems with several nonequivalent sites, J. Chem. Phys. 40:1189–1196.
Forsén, S., and Lindman, B., 1981, Ion binding in biological systems, Methods Biochem. Anal. 27:289–486.
Fourier, J.B.J., 1822, Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur, Paris.
Freeman, R., Mareci, R. H., and Morris, G. A., 1981, Weak satellite signals in high-resolution NMR spectra: Separating the wheat from the chaff, J. Magn. Reson. 42:341–345.
Frei, K., and Bernstein, J., 1962, Method for determining magnetic susceptibilities by NMR, J. Chem. Phys. 37:1891–1892.
Frey, S., Kärger, J., Pfeifer, H., and Walther, P., 1988, NMR self-diffusion measurements in regions confined by “absorbing” walls, J. Magn. Reson. 79:336–342.
Fritz, O. G., and Swift, T. J., 1967, The state of water in polarised and depolarised frog nerves: A proton magnetic resonance study, Biophys. J. 7:675–687.
Gadian, D. G., 1982, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and its Applications to Living Systems, Oxford University Press, London.
Gadian, D. G., and Radda, G. K., 1981, NMR studies of tissue metabolism, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50:69–83.
Gary-Bobo, C., and Solomon, A. K., 1968, Properties of hemoglobin solutions in red cells, J. Gen. Physiol. 52:825–853.
Geen, H., and Freeman, R., 1989, Band-selective excitation for multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, J. Magn. Reson. 87:415–421.
Geen, H., Wimperis, S., and Freeman, R., 1989, Band-selective pulses without phase distortion. A simulated annealing approach. J. Magn. Reson. 85:620–627.
Gesmar, H., and Led, J. J., 1986, Optimizing the multisite magnetization-transfer experiment, J. Magn. Reson. 68:95–101.
Gibbs, S. J., and Johnson C. S., 1991, A PFG NMR experiment for accurate diffusion and flow studies in the presence of eddy currents, J. Magn. Reson. 93:395–402.
Glasel, J. A., and Lee, K. H., 1973, On the interpretation of water nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times in heterogeneous systems, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96:970–974.
Glickson, J. D., Dadok, J., and Marshall, G. R., 1974, Proton magnetic double resonance study of angiotensin II (Asn1 Val5) in aqueous solution employing correlation spectroscopy. Assignment of peptide NH resonances and transfer of saturation from water, Biochemistry 13:11–14.
Grandjean, J., and Laszlo, P., 1987, Cation transport across membranes: The NMR viewpoint, Biochem. (Life Sci. Adv.) 6:1–7.
Grimes, A. J., 1980, Human Red Cell Metabolism, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
Günther, H., 1980, NMR Spectroscopy: An Introduction, Wiley, New York.
Gupta, R. K., and Gupta, P., 1982, Direct observation of resolved resonances from intra-and extracellular sodium-23 ions in NMR studies of intact cells and tissues using dysprosium (III) tripolyphosphate as paramagnetic shift reagent, J. Magn. Reson. 47:344–350.
Gupta, R. K., and Redfield, A., 1970, Double nuclear magnetic resonance observation of electron exchange between ferri and ferrochrome c, Science 169:1204–1206.
Gupta, R. K., Ferretti, J. A., and Becker, E. D., 1974, Rapid scan Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy, J. Magn. Reson. 13:275–290.
Gupta, R. K., Benovic, J. L., and Rose, Z. B., 1978a, The determination of the free magnesium level in the human red blood cell by 31P NMR, J. Biol. Chem. 253:6172–6176.
Gupta, R. K., Benovic, J. L., and Rose, Z. B., 1978b, Magnetic resonance studies of the binding of ATP and cations to human haemoglobin, J. Biol. Chem. 253:6165–6171.
Gupta, R. K., Gupta, P., and Moore, R. D., 1984, NMR studies of intracellular metal ions in intact cells and tissues, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 13:221–246.
Gutowsky, H. S., 1975, Time dependent magnetic perturbations, in: Dynamic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (L. M. Jackman and F. A. Cotton, eds.), pp. 1–21, Academic Press, New York.
Gutowsky, H. S., and Holm, C. H., 1956, Rate processes and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. II. Hindered internal rotations of amides, J. Chem. Phys. 25:1228–1234.
Gutowsky, H. S., and Saika, A., 1953, Dissociation, chemical exchange, and the proton magnetic resonance in some aqueous electrolytes, J. Chem. Phys. 21:1688–1694.
Hahn, E. L., 1950, Spin echoes, Phys. Rev. 80:580–594.
Halliday, J. D., Richards, R. E., and Sharp, R. R., 1969, Chemical shifts in nuclear resonances of caesium ions in solution, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 313:45–69.
Hamasaki, N., Wyriwicz, A. M., Lubansky, H. J., and Omachi, A. A., 1981, A 31P NMR study of phosphoenolpyruvate transport across the human erythrocyte membrane, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 100:879–887.
Han, K. H., La Mar, G. N., and Nagai, K., 1989, Proton magnetic resonance study of the influence of chemical modification, mutation, quaternary state, and ligation state on the dynamic stability of the heme pocket in hemoglobin as reflected in the exchange of the proximal histidyl ring labile proton, Biochemistry 28:2169–2178.
Harris, R., and Mann, B. E., 1978, NMR and the Periodic Table, Academic Press, New York.
Hele-Shaw, H. S., and Hay, A., 1901, XI. Lines of induction in a magnetic field, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A. 195:303–327.
Helpern, J. A., Knight, R., Welch, K.M.A., and Smith, M. B., 1987, 87Rb uptake in human erythrocytes: A potassium analogue for cation transport, Abstracts of the Sixth Annual Meeting of Soc. Magn. Reson. Med., p. 513.
Helpern, J. A., Welch, K.M.A., and Halvorson, H. R., 1989, Rubidium transport in human erythrocyte suspensions monitored by 87Rb NMR with aqueous chemical shift reagents, NMR Biomed. 2:47–54.
Hennig, J., and Limbach, H. H., 1982, Magnetization transfer in the rotating frame: A new simple kinetic tool for the determination of rate constants in the slow chemical exchange range, J. Magn. Reson. 49:322–328.
Herbst, M. D., and Goldstein, J. H., 1984, Monitoring red cell aggregation with nuclear magnetic resonance, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 805:123–126.
Hervé, M., Cybulska, B., and Gary-Bobo, C., 1985, Cation permeability induced by valinomycin, gramicidin D and amphotericin B in large lipidic unilamellar vesicles studied by 31P-NMR, Eur. Biophys. J. 12:121–128.
Hoffman, D. W., and Henkens, R. W., 1987, The rates of fast reactions of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in human erythrocytes measured by carbon-13 NMR, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 143:67–73.
Homans, S. W., 1989, A Dictionary of Concepts in NMR, Oxford University Press (Clarendon), London.
Hubbard, P. S., 1970, Non-exponential nuclear magnetic relaxation by quadrupole interactions, J. Chem. Phys. 53:985–987.
Hughes, M. S., Flavell, K. J., and Birch, N. J., 1988a, Transport of lithium into human erythrocytes as studied by 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance and atomic absorption spectroscopy, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 16:827–828.
Hughes, M. S., Thomas, G.M.H., Partridge, S., and Birch, N. J., 1988b, An investigation into the use of a dysprosium shift reagent in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biological systems, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 16:207–208.
Hunt, G.R.A., 1975, Kinetics of ionophore-mediated transport of Pr3+ ions through phospholipid membranes using lH NMR spectroscopy, FEBS Lett. 58:194–196.
Hunt, G.R.A., and Jones, I. C., 1982, Lanthanide-ion transport across phospholipid vesicular membranes: A comparison of alamethicin 30 and A23187 using 1H-NMR spectroscopy, Biosci. Rep. 2:921–928.
Hunt, G.R.A., and Jones, I. C., 1983, A 1H-NMR investigation of the effects of ethanol and general anesthetics on ion channels and membrane fusion using unilamellar phospholipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 736:1–10.
Hunt, G.R.A., Jones, I. C., and Veiro, J. A., 1984, Phosphatidic acid regulates the activity of the channel-forming ionophores alamethicin, melittin, and nystatin: A 1H-NMR study using phospholipid membranes, Biosci. Rep. 4:403–413.
Hunter, F. R., 1970, Facilitated diffusion in human erythrocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 211:216–222.
Ikehara, T., Yamaguchi, H., Hosokawa, K., Sakai, T., and Miyamoto, H., 1984, Rb+ influx in response to changes in energy generation: Effect of the regulations of the ATP content of HeLa cells, J. Cell. Physiol. 119:273–282.
Iles, R., 1981, Measurement of intracellular pH, Biosci. Rep. 1:687–699.
Itada, N., and Forster, R. E., 1977, Carbonic anhydrase activity in intact red blood cells measured with 18O exchange, J. Biol. Chem. 252:3881–3890.
Jeener, J., Meier, G. H., Bachmann, P., and Ernst, R. R., 1979, Investigation of exchange processes by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys. 71:4546–4553.
Jelicks, L. A., and Gupta, R. K., 1989a, Double quantum NMR of sodium ions in cells and tissues. Paramagnetic quenching of extracellular coherence, J. Magn. Reson. 81:586–592.
Jelicks, L. A., and Gupta, R. K., 1989b, Observation of intracellular sodium ions by double-quantum-filtered 23Na NMR with paramagnetic quenching of extracellular coherence by gadolinium tripolyphosphate, J. Magn. Reson. 83:146–151.
Jesson, J. P., Meakin, P., and Kniessel, J., 1973, Homonuclear decoupling and peak elimination in Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95:618–620.
Jones, A. J., and Kuchel, P. W., 1980, Measurement of choline concentration and transport in human erythrocytes by 1H NMR: Comparison of normal blood and that from lithium-treated psychiatric patients, Clin. Chim. Acta 104:77–85.
Kaplan, J. I., and Fraenkel, G., 1980, NMR of Chemically Exchanging Systems, Academic Press, New York.
Kärger, J., 1971, Der einfluss der zweibereichdiffusion auf die spinechodampfung unter berucksichtigung der relaxation bei messungen mit der methode der gepulsten feldgradienten, Ann. Phys. 27:107–109.
Kärger, J., 1985, NMR self-diffusion studies in heterogeneous systems, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 23:129–148.
Kärger, J., Pfeifer, H., and Heink, W., 1988, Principles and applications of self-diffusion measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance, Adv. Magn. Reson. 12:1–89.
Kendall, M., and Stuart, A., 1977, The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol. 1, Chapter 10, Charles Griffin, London.
King, G. F., and Boyd, C.A.R., 1991, Proton NMR studies of transmembrane solute transport, in: Cell Membrane Transport: Experimental Approaches and Methodologies (D. L. Yudilevich, R. Devés, S. Perán, and Z. I. Cabantchik, eds.), pp. 297–323, Plenum Press, New York.
King, G. F., and Kuchel, P. W., 1984, A proton NMR study of iminodipeptide transport and hydrolysis in the human erythrocytes, Biochem. J. 220:553–560.
King, G. F., and Kuchel, P. W., 1985, Assimilation of a-glutamyl-peptides by human erythrocytes, Biochem. J. 227:833–842.
King, G. F., York, M. J., Chapman, B. E., and Kuchel, P. W., 1983, Proton NMR spectroscopic studies of dipeptidase in human erythrocytes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 110:305–312.
King, G. F., Middlehurst, C. R., and Kuchel, P. W., 1986, Direct NMR evidence that prolidase is specific for the trans isomer of imidodipeptide substrates, Biochemistry 25:1054–1062.
Kirk, K., 1990, NMR methods for measuring membrane transport rates, NMR Biomed. 3:1–16.
Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1985, Red cell volume changes monitored using a new NMR procedure, J. Magn. Reson. 62:568–572.
Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1986a, Equilibrium exchange of dimethyl methylphosphonate across the human red cell membrane measured using NMR spin transfer, J. Magn. Reson. 68:311–318.
Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1986b, Red cell volume changes monitored using 31P NMR: A method and model, Stud. Biophys. 116:139–140.
Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1988a, The contribution of magnetic susceptibility effects to trans-membrane chemical shift differences in the 31P NMR spectra of oxygenated erythrocyte suspensions, J. Biol. Chem. 263:130–134.
Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1998b, Physical basis of the effect of haemoglobin on the 31P NMR chemical shifts of some phosphoryl compounds, Biochemistry 27:8803–8810.
Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1988c, Characterisation of the transmembrane chemical shift differences in the 31P NMR spectra of some phosphoryl compounds in erythrocyte suspensions, Biochemistry 27:8795–8802.
Kirk, K., Kuchel, P. W., and Labotka, R. J., 1988, Hypophosphite ion as a 31P nuclear magnetic resonance probe of membrane potential in erythrocyte suspensions, Biophys. J. 54:241–247.
Kojima, S., Kanashiro, M., Hatashi, F., Yoshida, K., Abe, H., Imanishi, M., Kawamura, M., Kawano, Y., Ashida, T., Kimura, M., Kuramochi, M., Ito, K., and Omae, T., 1989, Clinical application of sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance for measurement of red cell sodium concentrations, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 49:489–495.
Kuchel, P. W., 1981, NMR of biological samples, CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 12:155–231.
Kuchel, P. W., 1987, Steady-state parameters of an enzyme from n.m.r. spin transfer with thermal variation, Biochem. J. 244:247–248.
Kuchel, P. W., 1989, Biological applications of NMR, in: Analytical NMR (L. D. Field and S. Sternell, eds.), chapter 6, Wiley, New York.
Kuchel, P. W., 1990, Spin-exchange NMR spectroscopy in studies of the kinetics of enzymes and membrane transport, NMR Biomed. 3:102–119.
Kuchel, P. W., and Bulliman, B. T., 1989, Perturbation of homogeneous magnetic fields by isolated single and confocal spheroids. Implicaitons for NMR spectroscopy of cells, NMR Biomed. 2:151–160.
Kuchel, P. W., and Chapman, B. E., 1983, NMR spin exchange kinetics at equilibrium in membrane transport and enzyme systems, J. Theor. Biol. 105:569–589.
Kuchel, P. W., and Chapman, B. E., 1993, Heteronuclear double-quantum coherence selection with magnetic gradients in diffusion experiments, J. Magn. Reson. 101:53–59.
Kuchel, P. W., Chapman, B. E., Endre, Z. H., King, G. F., Thorburn, D. R., and York, M. J., 1984, Monitoring metabolic reactions in erythrocytes using NMR spectroscopy, Biomed. Biochim. Acta 43:719–726.
Kuchel, P. W., King, G. F., and Chapman, B. E., 1987a, No evidence of high capacity a-glutamyl-dipeptide transport into human erythrocytes, Biochem. J. 242:311–312.
Kuchel, P. W., Chapman, B. E., and Potts, J. R., 1987b, Glucose transport in human erythrocytes measured using 13C NMR spin transfer, FEBS Lett. 219:5–10.
Kuchel, P. W., Bulliman, B. T., Chapman, B. E., and Kirk, K., 1987c, The use of transmembrane differences in saturation transfer for measuring fast membrane transport: H13CO3 - exchange across the human erythrocyte, J. Magn. Re son. 74:1–11.
Kuchel, P. W., Bulliman, B. T., Chapman, B. E., Kirk, K., and Potts, J. R., 1987d, Fast trans-membrane exchange in red cells studied with NMR, Biomed. Biochim. Acta 46:S55–S59.
Kuchel, P. W., Bulliman, B. T., and Chapman, B. E., 1988a, Mutarotase equilibrium exchange kinetics studied by 13C NMR, Biophys. Chem. 32:89–95.
Kuchel, P. W., Bulliman, B. T., Chapman, B. E., and Mendz, G. L., 1988b, Variances of rate constants estimated from 2D NMR exchange spectra. J. Magn. Reson. 76:136–142.
Kuchel, P. W., Chapman, B. E., and Xu, A. S.-L., 1992, Raes of anion transfer across erythrocyte membranes measured with NMR spectroscopy, in: The Band 3 Proteins: Anion Transporters, Binding Proteins and Senescent Antigens (E. Bamberg and H. Passow, eds.), pp. 105–119, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Kuhn, W., Offermann, W., and Leibfritz, D., 1986, Influence of off-resonance irradiation upon T1 in in vivo saturation transfer, J. Magn. Reson. 68:193–197.
Labotka, R. J., 1984, Measurement of intracellular pH and deoxyhemoglobin concentration in deoxygenated erythrocytes by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance, Biochemistry 23:5549–5555.
Labotka, R. J., and Kieps, R. A., 1983, A phosphate-analogue probe of red cell pH using phosphorus-31 NMR, Biochemistry 22:6089–6095.
Labotka, R. J., and Omachi, A., 1987a, Erythrocyte anion transport of phosphate analogues, J. Biol. Chem. 262:305–311.
Labotka, R. J., and Omachi, A., 1987b, The pH dependence of red cell membrane transport of titratable anions. An NMR study, Biomed. Biochim. Acta 46:S60–S64.
Labotka, R. J., and Schwab, C. M., 1990, A dialysis cell for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurement of protein-small molecule binding, Anal. Biochem. 191:376–383.
Led, J. J., and Gesmar, H., 1982, The applicability of the magnetization-transfer NMR technique to determine chemical exchange rates in extreme cases. The importance of complementary experiments, J. Magn. Reson. 49:4444–4463.
London, R. E., and Gabel, S. A., 1989, Determination of membrane potential and cell volume by 19F NMR using trifluoroacetate and trifluoroacetamide probes, Biochemistry 28:2378–2382.
Lundberg, U. P., Harmsen, E., Ho, C., and Vogel, H., 1990, Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cellular metabolism, Anal. Biochem. 191:193–222.
Lunderg, U. P., Berners-Price, S. J., Roy, S., and Kuchel, P. W., 1992, NMR studies of erythrocytes immobilized in agarose and alginate gels, Magn. Reson. Med. 25:273–288.
McCain, D. C., and Markley, J. L., 1985, Water permeability of chloroplast envelope membranes: In vivo measurement by saturation transfer, FEBS Lett. 183:353–358.
McCall, D. W., Douglass, D. C., and Anderson, E. W., 1963, Self-diffusion studies by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spin-echo techniques, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 67:340–366.
McConnell, H. M., 1958, Reaction rates by nuclear magnetic resonance, J. Chem. Phys. 28:430–431.
McConnell, H. M., and Thompson, D. D., 1957, Molecular transfer of nonequilibrium nuclear spin magnetization, J. Chem. Phys. 26:958–959.
Macey, R. I., 1984, Transport of water and urea in red blood cells, Am. J. Physiol. 246:C195–C203.
Macey, R. I., and Farmer, R.E.L., 1970, Inhibition of water and solute permeability in human red cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 211:104–106.
Macey, R. I., and Yousef, L. W., 1988, Osmotic stability of red cells in renal circulation requires rapid urea transport, Am. J. Physiol. 254:C669–C674.
Maciel, G. E., and Natterstad, J. J., 1965, Carbon-13 chemical shifts of the carbonyl group. III. Solvent effects, J. Chem. Phys. 42:2752–2759.
Maciel, G. E., and Ruben, G. C., 1963, Solvent effects on the 13C chemical shift of the carbonyl group of acetone, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:3903–3904.
Macura, S., and Ernst, R. R., 1980, Elucidation of cross relaxation in liquids by two-dimensional N.M.R. spectroscopy, Mol. Phys. 41:95–117.
Macura, S., Huang, Y., Suter, D., and Ernst, R. R., 1981, Two-dimensional chemical exchange and cross-relaxation spectroscopy of coupled nuclear spins, J. Magn. Reson. 43:259–281.
Mandelbrot, B. B., 1977, Fractals: Form, Chance, and Dimension, Freeman, San Francisco.
Marshall, W. E., Costello, A.J.R., Henderson, T. O., and Omachi, A., 1977, Organic phosphate binding to haemoglobin in intact erythrocytes determined by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 490:290–300.
Mathur-De Vre, R., 1979, The NMR studies of water in biological systems, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 35:103–134.
Maxwell, J. C., 1954, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, Dover, New York.
Mayrand, R. R., and Levitt, D. G., 1983, Urea and ethylene glycol-facilitated transport in intact erythrocytes, FEBS Lett. 241:188–190.
Mendz, G. L., Robinson, G., and Kuchel, P. W., 1986, Direct quantitative analysis of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Adenylate kinase and phosphoglyceratemutase, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108:169–173.
Mendz, G. L., Bulliman, B. T., James, N. L., and Kuchel, P. W., 1989, Magnetic potential and field gradients of model cells, J. Theor. Biol. 137:55–69.
Merck Index, 1989, 11th ed., p. 1523, Merck and Co., Rathway, NJ.
Messerle, B. A., Wider, G., Otting, G., Weber, C., and Süthrich, K., 1989, Solvent suppression using a spin lock in 2D and 3D NMR spectroscopy with H2O solution, J.Magn. Reson. 85:608–613.
Mills, R., 1973, Self-diffusion in normal and heavy water in the range 1-45°, J. Phys. Chem. 77:685–688.
Moon, R. B., and Richards, J. H., 1973, Determination of intracellular pH by 31P magnetic resonance, J. Biol. Chem. 248:7276–7278.
Moore, W. J., 1981, Physical Chemistry, 5th ed., Longman, Harlow, Essex.
Morales, M. F., Horovitz, M., and Botts, J., 1962, The distribution of tracer substrate in an enzyme-substrate system at equilibrium. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 99:258–264.
Morariu, V. V., and Benga, G., 1977, Evaluation of a nuclear magnetic resonance technique for the study of water exchange through erythrocyte membranes in normal and pathological subjects, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 469:301–310.
Morris, G. A., and Freeman, R., 1978, Selective excitation in Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance, J. Magn. Reson. 29:433–462.
Murday, J. S., and Cotts, R. M., 1968, Self-diffusion coefficient of liquid lithium, J. Chem. Phys. 48:4938–4945.
Naccache, P., and Sha’afi, R. I., 1974, Effect of pCMBS on water transfer across biological membranes, J. Cell. Physiol. 83, 449–456.
Nakada, T., Kwee, I. L., Griffey, B. V., and Griffey, R. H., 1988, F-19 MR imaging of glucose metabolism in the rabbit, Radiology 168:823–826.
Neuman, C. H., 1974, Spin echo of spins diffusing in a bounded medium, J. Chem. Phys. 11:4508–4511.
Oderblad, E., Bhar, B. N., and Lindström, G., 1956, Proton magnetic resonance of human red blood cells in heavy-water exchange experiments, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 63:221–225.
Odoom, J. E., Campbell, I. D., Ellory, J. C., and King, G. F., 1990, Characterization of peptide fluxes into human erythrocytes: A proton-n.m.r. study, Biochem. J. 267:141–147.
Ogino, T., Arata, Y., Fujiwara, S., Shaun, H., and Beppu, T., 1978, Use of proton correlation NMR spectroscopy in the study of living cells. Anaerobic metabolism of Escherichia coli, J. Magn. Reson. 31:523–526.
Ogino, T., Den Hollander, J. A., and Shulman, R. G., 1983, 39K, 23Na and 31P NMR studies of ion transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5185–5189.
Ogino, T., Shulman, G. I., Avison, M. J., Gullans, S. R., Den Hollander, J. A., and Shulman, R. G., 1985, 23Na and 39K NMR studies of ion transport in human erythrocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1099–1103.
Ohgushi, M., Nagayama, K., and Wada, A., 1978, Dextran-magnetite: A new relaxation reagent and its application to T2 measurements in gel systems, J. Magn. Reson. 29:599–601.
Okerlund, L. S., and Gillies, R. J., 1988, Measurement of pH and Na+ by nuclear magnetic resonance, in: Na +/H + Exchange (S. Grinstein, ed.), pp. 21–43, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Oki, M., 1985, Applications of Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy to Organic Chemistry, pp. 1–37, VCH Publishers, New York.
Partridge, S., Hughes, M. S., Thomas, G.M.H., and Birch, N. J., 1988, Lithium transport in erythrocytes, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 16:205–206.
Pekar, J., and Leigh, J. S., 1986, Detection of biexponential relaxation in sodium-23 facilitated by double-quantum filtering, J. Magn. Reson. 69:582–584.
Pekar, J., Renshaw, P. F., and Leigh, J. S., 1987, Selective detection of intracellular sodium by coherence-transfer NMR, J. Magn. Reson. 72:159–161.
Perrin, C. L., 1989, Optimum mixing time for chemical kinetics by 2D NMR, J. Magn. Reson. 82:619–621.
Perrin, C. L., and Engler, R. E., 1990, Weighted linear-least-squares analysis of EXSY data from multiple 1D selective inversion experiments, J. Magn. Reson. 90:363–369.
Perrin, C. L., and Gipe, R. K., 1984, Multisite kinetics by quantitative two-dimensional NMR, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:4036–4038.
Pettegrew, J. W., Woessner, D. E., Minshew, N. J., and Glonek, T., 1984, Sodium-23 analysis of human whole blood, erythrocytes and plasma. Chemical shift, spin relaxation and intracellular sodium concentration studies, J. Magn. Reson. 57:185–196.
Pettegrew, J. W., Post, J.F.M., Panchalingam, K., Withers, G., and Woessner, D. E., 1987, 7Li NMR study of normal human erythrocytes, J. Magn. Reson. 1:504–519.
Pike, M. M., Simon, S. R., Balschi, J. A., and Springer, C. S., 1982, High-resolution NMR studies of transmembrane cation transport: Use of an aqueous shift reagent for 23Na, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:810–814.
Pirkle, J. L., Ashley, D. L., and Goldstein, J. H., 1979, Pulse nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of water exchange across the erythrocyte membrane employing a low Mn2+ concentration, Biophys. J. 25:389–406.
Plateau, P., Dumas, C., and Gueron, M., 1983, Solvent-peak-suppressed NMR: Correction of baseline distortions and use of strong-pulse excitation, J. Magn. Reson. 54:46–53.
Potts, J. R., and Kuchel, P. W., 1992, Anomeric preference of fluoro-glucose exchange across human red cell membranes: 19F-n.m.r. studies, Biochem. J. 281:753–759.
Potts, J. R., Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1989, Characterisation of the transport of the non-electrolyte dimethyl methylphosphonate across the red cell membrane, NMR Biomed. 1:198–204.
Potts, J. R., Hounslow, A. M., and Kuchel, P. W., 1990, Exchange of fluorinated glucose across the red cell membrane measured using 19F NMR magnetisation transfer, Biochem. J. 266:925–928.
Potts, J. R., Bulliman, B. T., and Kuchel, P. W., 1992, Urea exchange across the human erythrocyte membrane measured using 13C NMR lineshape analysis, Eur. Biophys. J. 21:207–216.
Prasad, K.V.S., Severini, A., and Kaplan, J. G., 1987, Sodium ion influx in proliferating lymphocytes: An early component of the mitogenic signal, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 252:515–525.
Prestegard, J. A., Cramer, J. A., and Viscio, D. B., 1979, Nuclear magnetic resonance determination of permeation coefficients for maleic acid in phospholipid vesicles, Biophys. J. 26:575–584.
Price, W. S., and Kuchel, P. W., 1990, Restricted diffusion of bicarbonate and hypophosphite ions modulated by transport in suspensions of red blood cells, J. Magn. Reson. 90:100–110.
Price, W. S., Chapman, B. E., Cornell, B. A., and Kuchel, P. W., 1989, Translational diffusion of glycine in erythrocytes measured at high resolution with pulsed field gradients, J. Magn. Reson. 83:160–166.
Price, W. S., Kuchel, P. W., and Cornell, B. A., 1991, A 35C1 and 37C1 NMR study of chloride binding to the erythrocyte anion transport protein, Biophys. Chem. 40:329–337.
Rabenstein, D. L., and Isab, A. A., 1982, Determination of the intracellular pH of intact erythrocytes by lH NMR spectroscopy, Anal. Biochem. 121:423–432.
Raftos, J. E., Kirk, K., and Kuchel, P. W., 1988, Further investigation of the use of dimethyl-methylphosphonate as a 31P-NMR probe of red cell volume, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 968:160–166.
Raftos, J. E., Bulliman, B. T., and Kuchel, P. W., 1990, Evaluation of an electrochemical model of erythrocyte pH buffering using 31P NMR data, J. Gen. Physiol. 95:1183–1204.
Redfield, A. G., 1978, Proton nuclear magnetic resonance in aqueous solutions, Methods Enzymol. 49:253–270.
Redfield, A. G., 1985, Special problems of NMR in H2O solution, in: NMR in the Life Sciences (E. M. Bradbury and C. Nicolini, eds.), pp. 1–10, Plenum Press, New York.
Renshaw, P. F., Blum, H., and Leigh, J. S., 1986, Applications of dextran magnetite as a sodium relaxation enhancer in biological systems, J. Magn. Reson. 69:523–526.
Riddell, F. G., and Arumugam, S., 1988, Surface charge effects upon membrane transport processes: The effect of surface charge on the monensin-mediated transport of lithium ions through phospholipid bilayers studied by 7Li NMR sepctroscopy, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 945:65–72.
Riddell, F. G., and Arumugam, S., 1989, The transport of Li+, Na+ and K+ ions through phospholipid bilayers mediated by the antibiotic M139603 studied by 7Li, 23Na and 39K NMR, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 984:6–10.
Riddell, F. G., and Hayer, M. K., 1985, The monensin-mediated transport of sodium ions through phospholipid bilayers studied by 23Na NMR spectroscopy, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 817:313–317.
Riddell, F. G., Arumugam, S., and Cox, B. G., 1988a, The monensin-mediated transport of Na+ and K+ through phospholipid bilayers studied by 23Na and 39K NMR, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 944:279–284.
Riddell, F. G., Arumugam, S., Brophy, P. J., Cox, B. G., Payne, M.C.H., and Southon, T. E., 1988b, The nigericin-mediated transport of sodium and potassium ions through phospholipid bilayers studied by 23Na and 39K NMR spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:734–738.
Robinson, G., Chapman, B. E., and Kuchel, P. W., 1984, 31P NMR spin-transfer in the phospho-glyceromutase reaction, Eur. J. Biochem. 143:643–649.
Robinson, G., Kuchel, P.W., Chapman, B. E., Doddrell, D. M., and Irving, M. G., 1985, A simple procedure for selective inversion of NMR resonances for spin transfer enzyme kinetic measurements, J. Magn. Reson. 63:314–319.
Rogers, M. T., and Woodbrey, J. C., 1962, A proton magnetic resonance study of hindered internal rotation in some substitued N,N-dimethylamides, J. Phys. Chem. 66:540–546.
Sandström, J., 1982, Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York.
Savitz, D., Sidel, V. W., and Solomon, A. K., 1964, Osmotic properties of human red cells, J. Gen. Physiol. 48:78–94.
Shami, Y., Carver, J., Ship, S., and Rothstein, A., 1977, Inhibition of Cl- binding to anion transport protein of the red blood cell by DIDS (4,4’-diisothiocyano-2,2’-stilbene disulfonic acid) measured by [35C1] NMR, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76:429–436.
Shapiro, Y. E., Viktorov, A. V., Volkova, V. I., Barsukov, L. I., Bystrov, V. F., and Bergelson, L. D., 1975, 13C NMR investigation of phospholipid membranes with the aid of shift reagents, Chem. Phys. Lipids 14:227–232.
Shaw, D., 1984, Fourier Transform N.M.R. Spectroscopy, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Shinar, H., and Navon, G., 1984, NMR relaxation studies of intracellular Na+ in red blood cells, Biophys. Chem. 20:275–283.
Shulman, R. G., 1979, Biological Applications of Magnetic Resonance, Academic Press, New York.
Shungu, D. C., and Briggs, R. W., 1988, Application of 1D and 2D 23Na magnetization-transfer NMR to the study of ionophore-mediated transmembrane cation transport, J. Magn. Reson. 77:491–503.
Sklenár, V., and Starcuk, Z., 1982, 1-2-1 pulse train: A new effective method of selective excitation for proton NMR in water, J. Magn. Reson. 50:495–501.
Slonczewski, J. L., Rosen, B. P., Alger, J. R., and Macnab, R. M., 1981, pH homeostasis in Escherichia coli: Measurement by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance of methylphosphonate and phosphate, Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 78:6271–6275.
Springer, C. S., 1987, Measurement of metal cation compartmentation in tissue by high-resolution metal cation NMR, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 16:375–399.
Stein, W. D., 1986, Transport and Diffusion Across Cell Membranes, Academic Press, New York.
Stejskal, E. O., and Tanner, J. E., 1965, Spin diffusion measurements: Spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient, J. Chem. Phys. 42:288–292.
Stewart, I. M., Chapman, B. E., Kirk, K., Kuchel, P. W., Lovric, V. A., and Raftos, J. E., 1986, Intracellular pH in stored erythrocytes. Refinement and further characterisation of the 31P NMR methylphosphonate procedure, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 885:23–33.
Stilbs, P., 1987, Fourier transform pulsed-gradient spin-echo studies of molecular diffusion, Prog. NMR Spectrosc. 19:1–45.
Tanford, C., 1966, Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules, Wiley, New York.
Taylor, J. S., and Deutsch, C., 1983, Fluorinated a-methylamino acids as 19F NMR indicators of intracellular pH, Biophys. J. 43:261–267.
Taylor, J. S., Deutsch, C., McDonald, G. G., and Wilson, D. F., 1981, Measurement of trans-membrane pH gradients in human erythrocytes using 19F NMR, Anal. Biochem. 114:415–418.
Thomas, G.M.H., Hughes, M. S., Partridge, S., Olufunwa, R. I., Marr, G., and Birch, N. J., 1988, Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lithium ion transport in isolated rat hepatocytes, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 16:208.
Toon, M. R., and Solomon, A. K., 1991, Transport parameters in the human red cell membrane: Solute-membrane interactions of amides and ureas, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1063:179–190.
Tyrrell, H. J. V., and Harris, K. R., 1984, Diffusion in Liquids: A Theoretical and Experimental Study, Butterworth, London.
Ugurbil, K., 1985, Magnetization-transfer measurements of individual rate constants in the presence of multiple reactions, J. Magn. Reson. 64:207–219.
Vandenberg, J. I., King, G. F., and Kuchel, P. W., 1985, The assimilation of tri-and tetrapeptides by human erythrocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 846:127–134.
Waldeck, A. R., and Kuchel, P. W., 1993, 23Na-NMR study of ionophore-mediated cation exchange between two populations of liposomes, Biophys. J. 64:1445–1455.
Waldeck, A. R., Lennon, A. J., Chapman, B. E., and Kuchel, P. W., 1993, Cation transport and diffusion in liposomes studied by 7Li+ and 23Na+ pulsed field gradient NMR, Faraday Trans., in press.
Weith, J. O., Andersen, O. S., Brahm, J., Bjerrum, P. J., and Borders, C. L., Jr., 1982, Chloride-bicarbonate exchange in red blood cells: Physiology of transport and chemical modification of binding sites, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 299:383–399.
Williams, R.J.P., 1982, The chemistry of lanthanide ions in solution and in biological systems, Struct Bonding (Berlin) 50:11–79.
Wittenkeller, L., Mota de Freitas, D., Geraldes, C.F.G.C., and Tomé, A.J.R., 1992, Physical basis for the resolution of intra-and extracellular 133Cs NMR resonances in Cs+-loaded human erythrocyte suspensions in the presence and absence of shift reagents, Biochemistry 31:1135–1144.
Woessner, D. E., 1961, Nuclear transfer effects in nuclear magnetic resonance pulse experiments, J. Chem. Phys. 35:41–48.
Xu, A. S.-L., and Kuchel, P. W., 1991, Difluorophosphate as a 19F NMR probe of erythrocyte membrane potential, Eur. Biophys. J. 19:327–334.
Xu, A. S.-L., Potts, J. R., and Kuchel, P. W., 1991, The phenomenon of separate intra-and extracellular resonances in 19F NMR spectra used for measuring membrane potential, Magn. Reson. Med. 18:193–198.
York, M. J., Kuchel, P. W., and Chapman, B. E., 1984, A proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of ?-glutamyl-amino acid cyclotransferase in human erythrocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 259:15085–15088.
Young, J. D., and Ellory, J. C., 1977, Red cell amino acid transport, in: Membrane Transport in Red Cells (J. C. Ellory and V. L. Lew, eds.), pp. 301–325, Academic Press, New York.
Young, J. D., Wolowyk, M. W., Fincham, D. A., Cheeseman, C. L., Rabenstein, D. L., and Ellory, J. C., 1987, Conflicting evidence regarding the transport of a-glutamyl-dipeptides by human erythrocytes, Biochem. J. 242:309–311.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kuchel, P.W., Kirk, K., King, G.F. (1994). NMR Methods for Measuring Membrane Transport. In: Hilderson, H.J., Ralston, G.B. (eds) Physicochemical Methods in the Study of Biomembranes. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 23. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1863-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1863-1_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5757-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1863-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive