Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Long-Term Environmental Change

  • Chapter
Ecological Time Series

Abstract

Time series for the Quaternary, which covers the past 1.6 million years, reveal large, continuous, and sometimes abrupt ecological and environmental changes on time scales of decades to thousands of years. For biological variables, the time series can involve data from single localities or multiple localities over a spectrum of areas, and therefore can appear as single time series, multiple time series, or time series of maps for regions, continents, and the globe. These figures can show data from single organisms (e.g., tree rings), multiple organisms, individual taxa, or multiple taxa. The biological data and time series can be viewed in the context of time series for environmental systems such as climate, soils, and geomorphologic features. The techniques for studying these long ecological time series are many and include statistical analysis, numerical modeling, and simulation. The selection of techniques depends on the problem being investigated and the types of data available.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allchin, B., A. Goudie, and K. Hedge. 1978. The Prehistory and Palaeogeography of the Great Indian Desert. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthes, R. A., H. A. Panofsky, J. J. Cahir, and A. Rango. 1978. The Atmosphere. Second edition. Merrill, Columbus, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, V. R. 1986. “Introduction: Regional Landforms Analysis.” In N. M. Short and R. W. Blair, Jr. (eds.), Geomorphology From Space, A Global Overview of Regional Landforms. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, SP-486. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, V. R., and N. M. Penteado-Orellana. 1977. Adjustment to climatic change of the Colorado River in central Texas. Journal of Geology 85:395–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barron, E. J., and W. M. Washington. 1984. The role of geographic variation in explaining paleoclimates, results from Cretaceous model sensitivity studies. Journal of Geophysical Research 89:1267–1279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlein, P. J., and I. C. Prentice. 1988. Orbital variations, climate and paleoecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4:195–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlein, P. J., and T. Webb III. 1985. Mean July temperature at 6000 yr b.p. in Eastern North America: Regression equations for estimates from fossil-pollen data. In C. R. Harrington (ed.), Climatic Change in Canada 5: Critical Periods in the Quaternary Climatic History of Northern North America. Syllogeus 55:301–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. 1982. “The Effects of Land-Use and Climate on Valley Sedimentation.” In A. Harding (ed.), Climatic Change in Later Prehistory. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 127–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, K. D. 1990. Milankovitch cycles and their effects on species in ecological and evolutionary time. Paleobiology 16(1): 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, L., and R. S. Thompson. 1987. “The Physical Record of Lakes in the Great Basin.” In W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr. (eds.), North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, The Geology of North America Series, Vol. K-3. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO., pp. 241–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A. L. 1978. Long-term variations of caloric insolation resulting from the earth’s orbital elements. Quaternary Research 9:139–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A., J. Imbrie, J. Hays, G. Kukla, and B. Saltzman. 1984. Milankovitch and Climate. Riedel, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernabo, J. C., and T. Webb III. 1977. Changing patterns in the Holocene pollen record from northeastern North America: A mapped summary. Quaternary Research 8:64–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bintliff, J. L. 1982. “Climatic Change, Archaeology, and Quaternary Science in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.” In A. Harding (ed.), Climatic Change in Later Prehistory. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkeland, P. W. 1984. Soils and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, A. L. 1983. “Sea Level and Coastal Changes.” In H. E. Wright, Jr. (ed.), Late-Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 2, The Holocene. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 42–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. S., H. F. Diaz, J. K. Eischeid, P. D. Jones, P. M. Kelley, and C. M. Goodess. 1987. Precipitation fluctuations over Northern Hemisphere land areas since the mid-19th century. Science 237:171–175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, R. H. W., and T. Webb III. 1985. Relationships between contemporary pollen and vegetation data from Wisconsin and Michigan, U.S.A. Ecology 66:721–737.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brakenridge, G. R. 1987. “Fluvial Systems in the Appalachians.” In L. W. Graf (ed.), Geomorphic Systems of North America, Centennial Special Volume 2, The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W. S., and J. van Donk. 1970. Insolation changes, ice volume, and the O18 record in deep sea cores. Review of Geophysics and Space Physics 8:169–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, K. 1954. The geology of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in relation to the life and remains of the historic peoples of Pueblo Bonito. Smithsonian Misc. Collections, v. 122, pub. 4141, pp. 1–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, R. A., and B. M. Goodman. 1980. Volcanic activity and climatic changes. Science 207:1041–1044.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butzer, K. W. 1980. “Holocene Alluvial Sequences: Problems of Dating and Correlation.” In R. A. Cullingford, D. A. Davidson, and J. Lewin (eds.), Time scale s in Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, R. M. (ed.). 1993. Climate Change and Human Impact on the Landscape. Chapman & Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm, M. 1980. The wealth of nations. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. New Series 5:255–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorley, R. J., S. A. Schumm, and D. E. Sugden. 1984. Geomorphology. Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark. W. C. 1985. Scales of climatic impact. Climatic Change 7:5–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • CLIMAP Project Members. 1976. The surface of the ice-age earth. Science 191:1131–1137.

    Google Scholar 

  • CLIMAP Project Members. 1981. Seasonal reconstructions of the earth’s surface at the last glacial maximum. Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series, MC-36:1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • COHMAP Members 1988. Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: Observations and model simulations. Science 241:1043–1052.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, R. U., and R. W. Reeves. 1976. Arroyos and Environmental Change in the American South-West. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, T. J. 1983. The geologic record of climatic change. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21:828–877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, T. J., D. A. Short, D. G. Mengel, and G. K. North. 1986. Role of seasonality in the evolution of climate during the last 100 million years. Science 231:579–584.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, D. A. 1980. “Erosion in Greece During the First and Second Millennia b.c.” In R. A. Cullingford and J. Lewin (eds.), Timescale s in Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K., pp. 143–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. B. 1976. Erosion rates and land-use history in southern Michigan. Environmental Conservation 3:139–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. B. 1989. Lags in vegetation response to greenhouse warming. Climatic Change 15:75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, W. M. 1899. The geographical cycle. Geographical Journal 14:481–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delcourt, H. R., P. A. Delcourt, and T. Webb III. 1983. Dynamic plant ecology: The spectrum of vegetational change in space and time. Quaternary Science Review 1:153–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, R. E. 1987. The Geophysiology of Amazonia. John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, K. J., and I. Ralston. 1984. Postglacial hunter-gatherers and vegetational history in Scotland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 114:15–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gates, W. L. 1976. Modeling the ice-age climate. Science 191:1138–1144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudreau, D. C., and T. Webb III. 1985. “Late-Quaternary Pollen Stratigraphy and Isochrone Maps for the Northeastern United States.” In V. M. Bryant and R. G. Holloway (eds.), Pollen Records of Late-Quaternary North American Sediments. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Dallas, TX, pp. 247–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudie, A. 1985. “Themes in Desert Geomorphology.” In A. Pitty (ed.), Geomorphology: Themes and Trends. Barnes & Noble, Totowa, NJ, pp. 56–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudie, A. 1986. Environmental Change. Second edition. Clarendon, Oxford, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf, W. L. 1985. The Colorado River, Instability and Basin Management. Resource Pub. in Geog. no. 1984/2. Association of American Geographers, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, J. M. 1979. The glacial history of the Holocene. Programs in Physical Geography 3:1–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, J. M. 1988. The Little Ice Age. Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, A. T., and A. Warren. 1968. Quaternary landforms and climate on the south side of the Sahara. Geographic Journal 134:194–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, C. U., H. B. Clausen, and W. Dansgaard. 1980. Greenland ice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climatic impact. Nature 288:230–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J., D. Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind, and G. Russell. 1981. Climatic impacts of increasing atmospheric CO2. Science 213:957–961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, L. D. D. 1980. Solar variability as a contributing factor to Holocene climatic change. Programs in Physical Geography 4:487–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haury, L. R., J. A. McGowan, and P. H. Wiebe. 1978. “Patterns and Processes in the Time-Space Scales of Plankton Distributions.” In J. H. Steele (ed.), Spatial Patterns in Plankton Communities. Plenum, New York, pp. 277–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, J. D., J. Imbrie, and N. Shackleton. 1976. Variations in the earth’s orbit: Pacemaker of the ice age. Science 194:1121–1132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopley, D. 1985. “Geomorphological Development of Modern Coastlines: A Review.” In A. Pitty (ed.), Geomorphology: Themes and Trends. Barnes & Noble, Totowa, NJ, pp. 56–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, M. L., Jr., G. L. Jacobson, and T. Webb III. 1988. Paleoecology and the coarse-filter approach to maintaining biological diversity. Conservation Biology 2(4):375–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B. 1988. “Glacial and Holocene Vegetation History: Europe.” In B. Huntley and T. Webb III (eds.), Vegetation History. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 341–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B., and H. J. B. Birks. 1983. An atlas of past and present pollen maps for Europe: 0–13000 years ago. Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B., and I. C. Prentice. 1988. July temperatures in Europe from pollen data 6000 years before present. Science 241:687–690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B., and T. Webb III. 1988a. Vegetation History. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B., and T. Webb III. 1988b. Migration: Species’ response to climatic variations caused by changes in the earth’s orbit. Journal of Biogeography 16(1):5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imbrie, J., E. A. Boyle, S. C. Clemens, A. Duffy, W. R. Howard, G. Kukla, J. E. Kutzbach, D. G. Martinson, A. McIntyre, A. C. Mix, B. Molfino, J. J. Morley, L. C. Peterson, N. G. Pisias, W. L. Prell, M. E. Raymo, N. J. Shackleton, and J. R. Toggweiler, 1992. On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles. 1. Linear responses to Milankovitch forcing. Paleoceanography 7(6):701–738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imbrie, J., J. D. Hays, D. G. Martinson, A. McIntyre, A. C. Mix, J. J. Morley, N. G. Pisias, W. L. Prell, and N. J. Shackleton. 1984. “The Orbital Theory of Pleistocene Climate: Support from a Revised Chronology of the Marine O18 Record.” In A. Berger, J. Imbrie, J. Hays, G. Kukla, and B. Saltzman (eds.), Milankovitch and Climate. Reidel, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 269–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imbrie, J., and K. P. Imbrie. 1979. Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery. Enslow, Short Hills, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, G. L., T. Webb III, and E. C. Grimm. 1987. “Patterns and Rates of Vegetation Change During the Deglaciation of Eastern North America.” In W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr. (eds.), North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, The Geology of North America series, vol. K-3. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 277–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jäger, J., and R. G. Barry. 1990. “Climate.” In B. L. Turner II et al. (eds.), The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 335–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., T. M. L. Wigley, and P. G. Wright. 1986. Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984. Nature 322:430–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, R. A. 1984a. How to make a warm Cretaceous climate. Science 223:677–678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, R. A. 1984b. Climate since the ice began to melt. Science 226:326–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, C. A. M. 1980. “Thresholds in Glacial Geomorphology.” In D. R. Coates and J. D. Vitek (eds.), Thresholds in Geomorphology. George Allen and Unwin, London, pp. 297–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, L. C. 1983. Wandering Continents and Spreading Sea Floors on an Expanding Earth. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox, J. C. 1972. Valley alluviation in southwestern Wisconsin. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 62:401–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox, J. C. 1977. Human impacts on Wisconsin stream channels. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67:323–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox, J. C. 1983. “Responses of River Systems to Holocene Climates.” In H. E. Wright, Jr. (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 2, The Holocene. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 26–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozarski, S. 1983. River channel changes in the middle reach of the Warta valley, Great Poland Lowland. Quaternary Studies in Poland 4:159–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukla, G. J., and R. K. Matthews. 1972. When will the present interglacial end? Science 178:190–191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutzbach, J. E. 1976. The nature of climate and climatic variations. Quaternary Research 6:471–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutzbach, J. E. 1981. Monsoon climate of the early Holocene: Climate experiment with the earth’s orbital parameters for 9000 years ago. Science 214:59–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutzbach, J. E., and P. J. Guetter. 1986. The influence of changing orbital patterns and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18,000 years. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 43:1726–1759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutzbach, J. E., and F. A. Street-Perrott. 1985. Milankovitch forcing of fluctuations in the level of tropical lakes from 18 to 0 kyr b.p. Nature 317:130–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labitzke, K., and H. van Loon. 1988. Associations between the 11-year solar cycle, the QBO and the atmosphere. Pt. I: The troposphere and stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere in winter. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 50:197–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H. 1982. Climate, History and the Modern World. Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, C. R. 1984. Pre-Pleistocene paleoclimates: The geological and paleontological evidence; modeling strategies, boundary conditions, and some preliminary results. Advances in Geophysics 26:35–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, D. W. 1979. “Quaternary Fluvial Geomorphic Adjustments in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.” In D. D. Rhodes and G. P. Williams, (eds.), Adjustments of the Fluvial System. Kendall-Hunt, Dubuque, IA, pp. 277–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, J. J., and M. J. C. Walker. 1984. Reconstructing Quaternary Environments. Longman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCracken, M. C., and F. M. Luther. 1985. Detecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide. DOE/ER-0235. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, G. M. 1993. Fossil pollen analysis and the reconstruction of plant invasions. Advances in Ecological Research 24:67–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, G. P. 1885. The Earth as Modified by Human Action. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAndrews, J. H. 1988. “Human Disturbance of North American Forests and Grasslands: The Fossil Pollen Record.” In B. Huntley and T. Webb III. Vegetation History. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 673–697.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, P. F. 1983. Evidence of stream response to Holocene climatic change in a small Wisconsin watershed. Quaternary Research 19:100–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, P. F. 1987. “Geomorphic Processes in the Pacific Coast and Mountain System of Oregon and Washington.” In W. L. Graf (ed.), Geomorphic Systems of North America. Centennial Special Volume 2. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehringer, P. J., Jr. 1986. “Prehistoric Environments.” In W. L. D’Azevedo (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 11, Great Basin. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 31–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milankovitch, M. 1941. Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und Seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem, Special Publication 133. Royal Serbian Academy, Belgrade. (English translation published in 1969 by Israel Program for Scientific Translations).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. G., R. G. Fairbanks, and G. S. Mountain. 1987. Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion. Paleoceanography 2:1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. M., Jr. 1976. An overview of climatic variability and its causal mechanisms. Quaternary Research 6:481–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterkamp, W. L., M. M. Fenton, T. C. Gustavson, R. F. Hadley, V. T. Holliday, R. B. Morrison, and T. J. Toy. 1987. “Great Plains.” In W. L. Graf (ed.), Geomorphic Systems of North America, Centennial Special Volume 2. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 163–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Péwé, T. L. 1983. “The Periglacial Environment in North America During Wisconsin Time.” In S. C. Porter (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 157–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, S. C. 1981. Recent glacier variations and volcanic eruptions. Nature 291:139–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prell, W. L., and J. E. Kutzbach. 1987. Monsoon variability over the past 150,000 years. Journal of Geophysical Research 92:8411–8425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, I. C. 1986. Vegetation responses to past climatic changes. Vegetatio 67:131–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, J. C. 1987. Postglacial Vegation of Canada. Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddiman, W. F. 1985. “Climate Studies in Ocean Cores.” In A. D. Hecht (ed.), Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 197–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddiman, W. F., and A. McIntyre. 1981. Oceanic mechanisms for amplification of the 23,000 year ice volume cycle. Science 212:617–627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, R. J. 1956. “Environmental Change Through Forces Independent of Man.” In W. L. Thomas, Jr. (ed.), Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 453–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman, B. 1985. “Paleoclimatic Modeling.” In A. D. Hecht (ed.), Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 341–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarntheim, M. 1978. Sand deserts during glacial maximum and climatic optimum. Nature 272:43–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. H. 1983. Volcanic dust veils and climate: How clear is the connection?—An editorial. Climatic Change 5:111–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S. A. 1973. “Geomorphic Thresholds and Complex Response of Drainage Systems.” In M. Morisawa (ed.), Fluvial Geomorphology, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium, Binghamton, NY. Publications in Geomorphology, State University of New York, Binghamton, pp. 299–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S. A. 1980. Geomorphic thresholds: The concept and its applications. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 15:485–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S. A. 1981. “Some Applications of the Concept of Geomorphic Thresholds.” In D. R. Coates and J. D. Vitek (eds.), Thresholds in Geomorphology. George Allen and Unwin, London, pp. 473–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S. A., and G. R. Brakenridge. 1987. “River Response.” In W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr. (eds.), North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, The Geology of North America series, vol. K-3. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 221–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S. A., and R. W. Lichty. 1963. Time, space and causality in geomorphology. American Journal of Science 263:110–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S. A., and R. S. Parker. 1973. Implications of complex response of drainage systems for Quaternary alluvial stratigraphy. Nature 243:99–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J., J. Backman, H. Zimmerman, D. V. Kent, M. A. Hall, D. G. Roberts, D. Schnitker, J. G. Baldauf, A. Desprairies, R. Honrighausen, P. Huddlestun, J. B. Keene, A. J. Kaltenback, K. A. O. Krumsiek, A. C. Morton, J. W. Murray, and J. Westburg-Smith. 1984. Oxygen isotope calibration of the onset of ice-rafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic region. Nature 307:620–623.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J., and N. G. Pisias. 1985. “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Orbital Forcing, and Climate.” In E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker (eds.), The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO 2 : Natural Variations Archean to Present, Geophysical Monograph, vol. 32. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 303–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, I. G., and J. B. Innes. 1988. Late Quaternary vegetational history of the North York Moors, VIII-X. Journal of Biogeography 15:249–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. I., and F. A. Street-Perrott. 1983. “Pluvial Lakes of the Western United States.” In S. C. Porter (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 190–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, S. M. 1985. Rates of evolution. Paleobiology 11:13–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Street-Perrott, F. A. 1981. Tropical paleoenvironments. Programs in Physical Geography 5:157–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Street-Perrott, F. A., and S. P. Harrison. 1985. “Lake Levels and Climate Reconstruction.” In A. D. Hecht (ed.), Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 291–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuiver, M. 1980. Solar variability and climatic change during the current millennium. Nature 286:868–871.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. S. G., and A. Goudie. 1984. “Ancient Ergs of the Southern Hemisphere.” In J. C. Vogel (ed.), Late Cenozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 407–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M. F., and M. B. Thorp. 1985. “Environmental Change and Episodic Etchplantation in the Humid Tropics of Sierra Leone.” In I. Douglas and T. Spencer (eds.), Environmental Change and Tropical Geomorphology. George Allen and Unwin, London, pp. 239–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, W. L., Jr. 1956. Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tricart, J. 1985. “Evidence of Upper Pleistocene Dry Climates in Northern South America.” In I. Douglas and T. Spencer (eds.), Environmental Change and Tropical Geomorphology. George Allen and Unwin, London, pp. 197–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimble, S. W. 1974. Man-induced soil erosion on the southern Piedmont, 1700–1970. Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeny, IA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimble, S. W., and S. W. Lund. 1982. Soil conservation and the reduction of erosion and sedimentation in the Coon Creek Basin, Wisconsin. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper no. 1234. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Loon, H., and K. Labitzke. 1988. Associations between the 11-year solar cycle, the QBO and the atmosphere. Pt. II: surface and 700mb in the Northern Hemisphere in winter. Journal of Climate 1(9):905–920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Zant, K. L., T. Webb III, G. M. Peterson, and R. G. Baker. 1979. Increased Cannabis/Humulus pollen, an indicator of European agriculture in Iowa. Palynology 3:229–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vita-Finzi, C. 1969. The Mediterranean Valleys. Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, E. W., and T. L. Lawson. 1970. The climate of the midnineteenth century United States compared to current normals. Monthly Weather Review 98:259–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T., III. 1986. Is vegetation in equilibrium with climate? How to interpret late-Quaternary pollen data. Vegetano 67:75–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T., III. 1987. The appearance and disappearance of major vegetational assemblages: Long-term vegetational dynamics in eastern North America. Vegetatio 69:177–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T., III. 1988. “Eastern North America.” In B. Huntley and T. Webb III (eds.), Vegetation History. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 385–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T., III. 1993. “Constructing the Past from late-Quaternary Pollen Data: Temporal Resolution and a Zoom Lens Space-Time Perspective.” In S. M. Kidwell and A. K. Behrensmeyer (eds.), Taphonomic Approaches to Time Resolution in Fossil Assemblages. Paleontological Society Short Courses in Paelontology No. 6. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, pp. 79–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T., III, and P. J. Bartlein. 1992. Global changes during the last 3 million years: Climatic controls and biotic responses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:141–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T., III, P. J. Bartlein, and J. E. Kutzbach. 1987. “Climatic Change in Eastern North America During the Past 18,000 Years: Comparison of Pollen Data with Model Results.” In W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr. (eds.), North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, The Geology of North American series, vol. K-3. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 447–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T., III, E. J. Cushing, and H. E. Wright, Jr. 1983a. “Holocene Changes in the Vegetation of the Midwest.” In H. E. Wright, Jr. (ed.), Late-Quaternary Environments of the United States, vol. 2, The Holocene. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 142–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T., III, P. J. Richard, and R. J. Mott. 1983b. A mapped history of Holocene vegetation in southern Quebec. Syllogeus 49:273–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, R. G. 1956. The Quaternary deposits at Hoxne, Suffolk. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 239:265–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Womack, W. R., and S. A. Schumm. 1977. Terraces of Douglas Creek, northwestern Colorado: An example of episodic erosion. Geology 5:72–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, H. E., Jr., J. C. Almendinger, and J. Gruger. 1985. Pollen diagram from the Nebraska Sandhills, and the age of the dunes. Quaternary Research 24:115–120.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Patricia F. McDowell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thompson Webb III
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Patrick J. Bartlein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Intergrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, USA

    Thomas M. Powell

  2. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA

    John H. Steele

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McDowell, P.F., Webb, T., Bartlein, P.J. (1995). Long-Term Environmental Change. In: Powell, T.M., Steele, J.H. (eds) Ecological Time Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1769-6_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1769-6_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-05201-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1769-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation