Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fungal Infections

  • Chapter
Book cover Critical Care Infectious Diseases Textbook

  • 478 Accesses

Abstract

Fungal infections are a significant problem and represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in a variety of patients. Improvements in supportive care and widespread use of antimicrobial agents have resulted in an expanding population of at-risk patients. This trend concerns not only severely compromised hosts such as transplant recipients, neutropenic and HIV-positive patients but also non-compromised patients on surgical and medical intensive care units (ICUs), burns and neonatal units with specific risk factors for infection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Beck-Sague CM, Jarvis WR, and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980–1990. J Infect Dis 167:1247, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jarvis WR. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections with emphasis on Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 20:1526, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rees JR, Pinner RW, Hajjeh RA, Brandt ME, Reingold AL. The epidemiological features of invasive mycotic infections in the San Franscisco Bay area 1992–1993: Results of a population-based laboratory active surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 27:1138, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Nicolle LE, Rotstein C, Bourgault AM, St-Germain G, Garber G, et al. Invasive fungal infections in Canada from 1992 to 1994. Can J Infect Dis 9:347, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Vincent J-L, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, Bruining HA, White J, et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) study. J Am Med Assoc 274:639, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Spencer RC. Predominant pathogens found in the European prevalence of infection in intensive care study. Eur J Clin Microbiology Infect Dis 15:281, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pfaller M, Wenzel R. Impact of the changing epidemiology of fungal infections in the 1990s. Eur J Clin Microbiology Infect Dis 11:287, 1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Voss A, Le Noble JLML, Lunel FMV, Foudraine NA, Meis JFGM. Candidemia in intensive care unit patients: Risk factors for mortality. Infection 25:8, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nolla-Salas J, Sitges-Serra A, Leon-Gil C, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Leon-Regidor MA, et al. Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: Analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Intensive Care Med 23:23, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ronnestad A, Abrahamsen TG, Gaustad P, Finne PH. Blood culture isolates during 6 years in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Scan J Infect Dis 30:245, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP. Risk factors for hospital acquired candidemia. A matched case-control study. Archives Internal Med 149:2349, 1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Pittet D, Li N, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP. Microbiological factors influencing the outcome of nosocomial bloodstream infections. A six year, validated, population based model. Clin Infect Dis 24:1068, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Price MF, LaRocca MT, Gentry LO. Fluconazole susceptibilities of Candida species and distribution of species recovered from blood cultures over a 5-year period. Antimicrobial Agents Chemo 38:1422, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, Johnson TR, et al. Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. New England J Med 325:1274, 1991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, Miller CB, Karp JE, Saral R. Association of Torulopsis glabrata infections with fluconazole prophylaxis in neutropenic bone marrow transplant patients. Antimicrobial Agents Chemo 37: 1847, 1993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Odds FC. Epidemiological shifts in opportunistic and nosocomial Candida infections: Mycological aspects. Int J Antimicrobial Agents 6:141, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Boschman CR, Bodnar UR, Tornatore MA, Obias AA, Noskin GA, et al. Thirteen-year evolution of azole resistance in yeast isolates and prevalence of resistant strains carried by cancer patients at a large medical center. Antimicrobial Agents Chemo 42:734, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Vincent J-L, Anaissie E, Bruining H, Demajo W, El-Ebiary M, et al. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of systemic Candida infection in surgical patients under intensive care. Intensive Care Med 24:206, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, Storfer S, Medoff G, Dunagan WC. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: Epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis 15:414, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Jantunen E, Ruutu P, Niskanen L, Volin L, Parkkali T, et al. Incidence and risk factors for invasive fungal infections in allogeneic BMT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplantation 19:801, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Collins LA, Samore MH, Roberts MS, Luzzati R, Jenkins RL, et al. Risk factors for invasive fungal infections complicating othotopic liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 170:644, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Huang Y-C, Li C-C, Lin T-Y, Lien R-I, Chou Y-H, et al. Association of fungal colonization and invasive disease in very low birth weight infants. Ped Infect Dis J 17:819, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Petri MG, Konig J, Moecke HP, Gramm HJ, Barkow H, et al. Epidemiology of invasive mycosis in ICU patients: A prospective multi-center study in 435 non-neutropenic patients. Intensive Care Med 23:317, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Calandra T, Bille J, Schneider R, Mossiman F, Francoli P. Clinical significance of Candida isolated from the peritoneum in surgical patients. Lancet ii: 1437, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Voss A, Hollis RJ, Pfaller MA, Wenzel RP, Doebbeling BN. Investigation of the sequence of colonization and candidemia in nonneu-tropenic patients. J Clin Microbiology 32:975, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Garbino J, Pittet D. Candida infections in the ICU. Clin Intensive Care 8:187, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Annals Surgery 220:751, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. VanSaene HKF, Damjanovic V, Pizer B, Petros AJ. Fungal infections in ICU. J Hospital Infect 41:337, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Romagnani S. The Thl/Th2 paradigm. Immunology Today 18:263, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Allen JE, Maizels RM. Th1-Th2: Reliable paradigm or dangerous dogma? Immunology Today 18:387, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cenci E, Mencacci A, Spaccapelo R, Tonnetti L, Mosci P, et al. T helper type 1 (TH1) and TH2-like responses are present in mice with gastric candidasis and protective immunity is associated with TH1 development. J Infect Dis 171:1279, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Romani L, Cenci E, Mencacci A, Spaccapelo R, Grohmann U, et al. Gamma-interferon modifies CD4+ subset expression in murine candidiasis. Infect Immunity 60(ii): 4950, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Poynton CH, Barnes RA, Rees J. Interferon gamma in the treatment of deep-seated fungal infection in acute leukemia. Clin Infect Dis 26:239, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Utsunomiya T, Kobayashi M, Herndon DN, Pollard RB, Suzuki F. Effects of glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, on Candida albicans infection in thermally injured mice. Clin Experimental Immunology 116:291, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Shareef MJ, Myers TF, Mathews HL, Witek-Janusek L. Reduced capacity of neonatal lymphocytes to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Biol Neonate 75:31, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Freidank H, Thiel L, Henninger S. Comparison of immunodiffusion and counterimmuno-electrophoresis in demonstrating precipitating antibodies against Candida and Aspergillus antigens. Mycoses 37(suppl 1):79, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Weis C, Kappe R, Sonntag H-G. Western blot analysis of the immune response to Candida albicans antigens in 391 long-term intensive care patients. Mycoses 40:153, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Matthews RC, Maresca B, Burnie JP, Cardona A, Carratu L, et al. Stress proteins in fungal diseases. Medical Mycology 36(suppl):45, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Martinez JP, Gil ML, Lopez-Ribot JL, Lajean Chaffin W. Serologic response to cell wall mannoproteins and proteins of Candida albicans. Clin Microbiology Rev 11:121, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Pittet D, Garbino J. Fungal infections in the critically ill. Current Opinion Crit Care 1:369, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Flanagan PG, Barnes RA. Fungal infections in the intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 38:163, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ronnestad A, Abrahamsen TG, Gaustad P, Finne PH. C-reactive protein (CRP) response patterns in neonatal septicaemia. APMIS 107: 593, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Henderson VJ. Emerging and reemerging microbial threats. Nosocomial fungal infections. Archives Surg 131:330, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Walsh TJ, Chanock SJ. Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: a rationale for complementary use of culture- and non-culture based detection systems. Intl J Infect Dis l(suppl 1):S11, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Dean DA, Burchard KW. Fungal infections in surgical patients. Am J Surg 171:374, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Donahue SP, Greven CM, Zuravleff JJ, Eller AW, Nguyen MH, et al. Intraocular candidasis in patients with candidemia: clinical implications derived from a prospective, multicenter study. Ophthamology 101:1302, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, van der Horst CM, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. New England J Med 331:1325, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Calandra T. Candida infection in the intensive care unit. Current Opinion Crit Care 3:335, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hiatt JR, Kobayashi MR, Doty JE, Ramming KP. Acalculous Candida cholecystitis: a complication of critical surgical illness. Am J Surg 57:825, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Nassoura Z, Ivatury RR, Simon RJ, Jabbour N, Stahl WM. Candiduria as an early marker of disseminated infection in critically ill surgical patients: the role of fluoconazole therapy. J Trauma 35:290, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ang BB, Telenti A, King B, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR. Candidemia from a urinary tract source: microbiological aspects and clinical significance. Clin Infect Dis 17:662, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rello J, Esandi M-E, Diaz E, Mariscal D, Gallego M, Valles J. The role of Candida spp isolated from bronchoscopic samples in nonneu-tropenic patients. Chest 114:146, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Haron E, Vartivarian S, Anaissie E, Dekmezian R, Bodey GP. Primary Candida pneumonia: Experience at a large cancer center and review of the literature. Med 72:137, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Bauer TT, Torres A. Candida pneumonia. Clin Intensive Care 10:33, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Geha DJ, Roberts DT Laboratory detection of fungaemia. Clin Lab Med 14:83, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wilson ML, Davis TE, Mirrett S, Reynolds J, Fuller D, et al. Controlled comparison of the BACTEC high-blood-volume fungal medium, BACTEC Plus 26 aerobic blood culture bottle, and 10 milliliter isolator blood culture system for detection of fungemia and bacteremia. J Clin Microbiology 31:865, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Burnie JP. Early diagnosis of fungal infection. Current Opinion Infect Dis 8:258, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Girmenia C, Martino P, De Bernardis F, Cassone A. Assessment of detection of Candida manno-proteinemia as a method to differentiate central venous catheter-related candidemia from invasive disease. J Clin Microbiology 35:903, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Sendid B, Tabouret M, Poirot JL, Mathieu D, Fruit J, Poulain D. New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: Useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. J Clin Microbiology 37:1510, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Tokunaga S, Ohkawa M, Takashima M, Seto C, Nakamura S. D-arabinitol versus mannan antigen and candidal protein antigen as a serum marker for Candida pyelonephritis. Eur J Clin Microbiology Infect Dis 14:118, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Grundy MA, Barnes RA, Coakley WT. Highly sensitive detection of fungal antigens by ultrasound-enhanced latex agglutination. J Med Vet Mycology 33:201, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Walsh TJ, Lyman CA, Pizzo PA. Laboratory diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in patients with neoplastic diseases. Baillieres Clin Infect Dis 2:25, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Reiss E, Morrison CJ. Nonculture methods for diagnosis of disseminated candidiasis. Clin Microbiological Rev 6:311, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Obayashi T, Yoshida M, Mori T, Goto H, Yasuoka A, et al. Plasma (l–3)-beta-D-glucan measurement in diagnosis of invasive deep mycosis and fungal febrile episodes. Lancet 345:17, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Mitsutake K, Miyazaki T, Tashiro T, Yamamoto Y, Kakeya H, et al. Enolase antigen, mannan antigen, Cand-Tec antigen, and beta-glucan in patients with candidemia. J Clin Microbiology 34:1918, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Loeffler J, Hebart H, Bialek R, Hagmeyer L, Schmidt D, et al. Contaminations occurring in fungal PCR assays. J Clin Microbiology 37:1200, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Crampin AC, Matthews RC. Application of the polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis of candidosis by amplification of a HSP 90 gene fragment. J Med Microbiology 39:233, 1993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kan VL. Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of candidemia. J Infect Dis 168:779, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Burgener-Kairuz P, Zuber J-P, Jaunin P, Buchman TG, Bille J, Rossier M. Rapid detection and identification of Candida albicans and Torulopsis (Candida) glabrata in clinical specimens by species-specific nested PCR-amplification of a cytochrome P-450 lanosterol-alpha-demethylase (L1A1) gene fragment. J Clin Microbiology 32:1902, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Einsele H, Hebart H, Roller, Loffler J, Rothenhofer I, et al. Detection and identification of fungal pathogens in using molecular probes. J Clin Microbiology 35:1353, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Chryssanthou E, Klingspor L, Tollemar J, Petrini B, Larsson L, et al. PCR and other non-culture methods for diagnosis of invasive Candida infections in allogeneic bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients. Mycoses 42:239, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party. Management of deep Candida infection in surgical and intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med 20:522, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Uzun O, Anaissie EJ. Antifungal prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies: a reappraisal. 86:2063, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Tollemar J. Prophylaxis against fungal infections in transplant recipients: Possible approaches. Biodrugs 11:309, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Stewart A, Powles R, Hewetson M, Antrum J, Richardson C, Mehta J. Costs of antifungal prophylaxis after bone marrow transplantation: A model comparing oral fluconazole, liposomal amphotericin and oral polyenes as prophylaxis against oropharyngeal infections. Pharmaco-Economics 8:350, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Schaffner A, Schaffner M. Effect of prophylactic fluconazole on the frequency of fungal infections, amphotericn B use and health care costs in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for hematologic neoplasias. J Infect Dis 172: 1035, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gotzsche PC, Krogh Johansen H. Metaanalysis of prophylactic or empirical antifungal treatment versus placebo or no treatment in patients with cancer complicated by neutropenia. Brit Med J 314:1238, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Andriole VT. Current and future antifungal: new targets for antifungal agents. J Antimicrobial Chemo 44:151, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Edwards JE Jr, Bodey GP, Bowden RA, Buchner T, De Pauw BE, et al. International conference for the development of a consensus on the management and prevention of severe candidal infections. Clin Infect Dis 25:43, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, van der Horst CM, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. New England J Med 331:1325, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Huttova M, Hartmanova I, Kralinsky K, Filka J, Uher J, et al. Candida fungemia in neonates treated with fluconazole: Report of forty cases. Ped Infect Dis J 17:1012, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Nahata MC, Tallian KB, Force RW. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in young infants. Eur J Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinetcs 24:155, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Flanagan PG, Barnes RA. Hazards of inadequate fluconazole dosage to treat deep-seated or systemic Candida albicans infection. J Infect 35:295, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Pittrow L, Penk A. Dosage adjustment of fluconazole during continuous renal replacement therapy (CAVH, CVVH, CAVHD, CVVHD). Mycoses 42:17, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Martins M, Rex JH. Resistance to antifungal agents in the critical care setting: problems and perspectives. New Horizons 4:338, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wong S-F, Leung MP, Chan M-Y. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in chidren requiring peritoneal dialysis. Clin Therapeutics 19:1039, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Shadomy S, Brummer DL, Ingroff AV. Light sensitivity of prepared solutions of amphotericin B. Am Rev Resp Dis 197:303, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  88. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party. Therapy of deep fungal infection in haematological malignancy. J Antimicrobial Chemo 40:779, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Gigliotti F, Shenep JL, Lott L, Thornton D. Induction of prostaglandin synthesis in the mechanism responsible for the chills and fevers produced by infusing amphotericin. J Infect Dis 156:784, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bunks LC, Aisner J, Fortner CL, Wiermk PH. Meperidine for the treatment of shaking chills and fever. Archives Internal Med 140:483, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. van Burik JH, Bowden RA. Standard antifungal treatment, including role of alternative modalities to administer amphotericin B. Bal-here’s Clin Infect Dis 2:89, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: Clinical efficacy and toxicity. (Review). Clin Infect Dis 27:603, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Moreau P, Milpied N, Fayette N, Ramee J-F, Harousseau J-L. Reduced renal toxicity and improved clinical tolerance of amphotericin B in neutropenic patients. J Antimicrobial Chemo 30:535, 1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Adler-Moore JP, Proffitt RT. Development, characterization, efficacy and mode of action of AmBisome, a unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B. J Liposome Research 3:429, 1993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Wasan KM, Motron RE, Rosenblum MG, Lopez-Berestein G. Decreased toxicity of liposomal amphotericin B due to association of amphotericin B with high-density lipoproteins: Role of lipid transfer protein. J Pharmaceutical Sci 83:1006, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wasan KM, Conklin JS. Enhanced amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in intensive care patients with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin Infect Dis 24:78, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Scarcella A, Pasquariello MB, Giugliano B, Vendemmia M, De Lucia A. Liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of neonatal fungal infections. Ped Infect Dis J 17:146, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Weitkamp J-H, Poets CF, Sievers R, Musswessels E, Groneck P, et al. Candida infection in very low birth-weight infants: Outcome and nephrotoxicity of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome™). Infect 26:11, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Herbrecht R, Letscher V, Andres E, Cavalier A. Safety and efficiency of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion: an overview. Chemotherapy: 45(suppl 1):67, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Seibel NL, Perfect JR, Horwith G, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis 26:1383, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Balfour JA, Faulds D. Terbinafine: A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in superficial mycoses. Drugs 43:259, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Roilides E, Walsh TJ, Pizzo PA. Clinical use of cytokines during fungal infection. In Van Furth R (ed). Hemopoietic Growth Factors and Mononuclear Phagocytes Basel: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Stevens DA, Walsh TJ, Bistoni F, Cenci E, demons KV, Del Sero G, Fe d’Ostiani C, Kullberg BJ, Mencacci A, Roilides E, Romani L. Cytokines and mycoses. Med Mycology Suppl 36:174, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bodey GP, Anaissie E, Gutterman J, Vadhan-Raj S. Role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjuvant therapy for fungal infection in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 17:705, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Nemunaitis J, Shannon-Dorcy K, Appelbaum FR. Long-term follow-up of patients with invasive fungal disease who received adjunctive therapy with recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 82:1422, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kullberg BJ, Vandewoude K, Aoun M, Jacobs F, Herbrecht R, Kujath P for the European filgrastim candidiasis study group. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase II study of filgrastim (recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) in combination with fluconazole for treatment of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. 38th Interscience Confenernce on Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego; abstract J-100, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Hartung T, Docke W-D, Gantner F, Krieger G, Sauer A, et al. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment on ex vivo blood cytokine response in human volunteers. Blood 85:2482, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Gallin JI, Malech HL, Weening RS, Curnutte JT, Quie PG, et al. The International Chronic Granulomatous Disease Cooperative Study Group. A controlled trial of interferon gamma to prevent infection in chronic granulomatous disease. New Engl J Med 324:509, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Kullberg BJ, van’t Wout JW, Hoogstraten C. Recombinant interferon gamma enhances resistance to acute disseminated Candida albicans infection in mice. J Infect Dis 168:436, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Van der Meer JWM, Vogels MTE, Netea MG, Kullberg BJ. Proinflammatory cytokines and treatment of disease. Annals New York Acad Sci 856:243, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Cenci E, Mencacci A, Del Sero G, Bistoni F, Romani L. Induction of protective Th1 responses to Candida albicans by antifungal therapy alone or in combination with an Interleukin-4 antagonist. J Infect Dis 176:217, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Strasbaugh LJ, Sewell DL, Ward TT, Pfaller MA, Heitzman T, Tjoelker R. High frequency of yeast carriage on the hands of hospital personnel. J Clin Microbiology 32:2299, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Pfaller MA. Epidemiology and control of fungal infection. Clin Infect Dis 19(suppl 1):S1, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Khatib R, Thirumoorthi MC, Riederer KM, Sturm L, Oney LA, Baran J Jr. Clustering of Candida infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: Concurrent emergence of multiple strains simulating intermittent outbreaks. Ped Infect Dis J 17:130, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Houston A, Rangel-Frausto MS, Wiblin T, et al. National epidemiological of mycoses survey: A multicentre study of strain variation and antifungal susceptibility among isolates of Candida species. Diagnostic Microbiology Infect Dis 31:289, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Van Saene R, Fairclough S, Petros A. Broad-and narrow-spectrum antibiotics: A different approach. Clin Microbiology Infect 4:56, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Lingnau W, Berger J, Javorsky F, Fille M, Allerberger F, Benzer H. Changing bacterial ecology during a five year period of selective intestinal decontamination. J Hosp Infect 39: 195, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Arnow PM, Carandang GC, Zabner R, Irwin ME. Randomized controlled trial of selective bowel decontamination for prevention of infections following liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 22:997, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Damjanovic V, Connolly CM, van Saene HKF, Cooke RWI, Corkill JE, et al. Selective decontamination with nystatin for control of a Candida outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 24:245, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Manuel RJ, Kibbler CC. The epidemiology and prevention of invasive aspergillosis. J Hosp Infect 39:95, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Harvey IM, Leadbeatter S, Peters TJ, Mullins J, Philpot CM, Salaman JR. An outbreak of disseminated aspergillosis associated with an intensive care unit. Community Med 10:306, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Pittet D, Huguenin T, Dharan S, Sztajzel-Boissard J, Ducel G, et al. Unusual cause of lethal pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 154:541, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Humpreys H, Johnson EM, Warnock DW, Willatts SM, Winter RJ, Spelller DCE. An outbreak of aspergillosis in a general ICU. J Hosp Infect 18:167, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Fitzpatrick F, Prout S, Gilleece A, Fenelon LE, Murphy OM. Nosocomial aspergillosis during building work — A multidisciplinary approach. J Hosp Infect 42:170, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Lorf T, Braun F, Ruchel R, Muller A, Sattler B, Ringe B. Systemic mycoses during prophylac-tica use of liposomal amphotericin B (ambi-some(TM)) after liver transplantation. Mycoses 42:47, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Von Eiff M, Roos N, Fegeler W, Von Eiff C, Zuhlsdorf M, et al. Pulmonary fungal infections in immunocompromised patients: Incidence and risk factors. Mycoses 37:329, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Ribaud P, Chastang C, Latge J-P, Baffroy-Lafitte L, Parquet N, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 28: 322, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Hovenden JL, Nicklason F, Barnes RA. Invasive aspergillosis in non-immunocompromised patients. Brit Med J 302:583, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Fairfax AJ, David V, Douce G. Laryngeal aspergillosis following high dose inhaled fluticasone therapy for asthma. Thorax 54:860, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lewis MB, Henderson B. Invasive intracranial aspergillosis secondary to intranasal corticosteroids. J Neurology, Neurosurgery Psychiatry 67:416, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Funabiki Y, Ishii K, Kusaka S, Hakamata Y, Wakatsuki Y, et al. Aspergillosis following a influenza infection. Jap J Geriatrics 36:274, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Munn S, Keane F, Child F, Philpott-Howard J, Du Vivier A. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis. Brit J Dermatol 141:378, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Barloon TJ, Galvin RG, Mori M, Stanford W, Gingrich RD. High-resolution ultrafast chest CT in the clinical management of febrile bone marrow transplant patients with normal or nonspecific chest roentgenograms. Chest 99:928, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. McWhinney PHM, Kibbler CC, Hamon MD, Smith OP, Gandy L, et al. Progress in the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis in bone marrow transplantation: 13 years experience. Clin Infect Dis 17:397, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Bellosta M, Gaviglio MR, Mosconi M, Cavanna C, Viglio A, Rabbiosi G. Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in an HIV-negative patient. Eur J Dermatol 9:224, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Caballes RL, Caballes RA. Primary cryptococ-cal prostatitis in an apparently uncompromised host. Prostate 39:119, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Park MK, Hospenthal DR, Bennett JE. Treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to cryptococ-cal meningitis by use of shunting. Clin Infect Dis 28:629, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Yip SKH, Cheng C, Wong MYC, Tan BH, Sim CS, Lim SH. Cryptococcal prostatic abscess in an immunocompromised patient: A case report and review of the literature. Annals Acad Med Singapore 27:873, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Sneller MC. Wegeners granulomatosis. J Am Med Assoc 273:1288, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Opravil M, Marincek B, Fuchs WA, Weber R, Speich R, Battegay M, et al. Shortcomings of chest radiography in detecting Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 7:39, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Peglow SL, Smulian AG, Linke MJ, Pogue CL, Nurr S, et al. Serologic response to Pneumocystis carinii antigens in health and disease. J Infect Dis 161:296, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Peters SE, Wakefield AE, Sinclair K, Millard PR, Hopkin JM. A search for Pneumocystis carinii in post-mortem lungs by DNA amplification. J Pathology 166:195, 1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Helweg-Larsen J, Tsolaki AG, Miller RF, Lundgren B, Wakefield AE. Clusters of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping. Qjm-Monthly J Assoc Physicians 91:813, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Klein NC, Gill MV, Cunha BA. Unusual organisms causing intravenous line infections in compromised hosts: II. Fungal infections. Infect Dis Clin Practice 5:303, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Gueho E, Boekhout T, Ashbee HR, Guillot J, Van Belkum A, Faergemann J. The role of Malassezia species in the ecology of human skin and as pathogens. Med Mycology Suppl 36: 220, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Archer-Dubon C, Icaza-Chivez ME, Orozco-Topete R, Reyes E, Baez-Martinez R, et al. An epidemic outbreak of Malassezia folliculitis in three adult patients in an intensive care unit: A previously unrecognized nosocomial infection. Int J Dermatol 38:453, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Wilichowski E, Christen H-J, Schiffmann H, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Behrens-Baumann W. Fatal Pseudallescheria boydii panencephalitis in a child after near-drowning. Ped Infect Dis J 15:365, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Rosemary A. Barnes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain

    Jordi Rello M.D., Ph.D.

  2. University Rovira & Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

    Jordi Rello M.D., Ph.D.

  3. Corporacio Sanitaria Parc Tauli, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain

    Jordi Valles M.D., Ph.D.

  4. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

    Marin H. Kollef M.D.

  5. Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

    Marin H. Kollef M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Barnes, R.A. (2001). Fungal Infections. In: Rello, J., Valles, J., Kollef, M.H. (eds) Critical Care Infectious Diseases Textbook. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1679-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1679-8_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5674-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1679-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation