Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemoprevention in Prostate Cancer

  • Chapter
Cancer Chemoprevention

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR,volume 106))

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in American men. It will be diagnosed in an estimated 180,400 Americans in 2000, causing death in approximately 31,900 (1). World wide, these numbers are much higher (1). Even in those who do not die from disease, treatment is associated with significant morbidity (2). There are a number of features particular to prostate cancer which make it an ideal disease model for the development and implementation of effective chemopreventive approaches. It is a disease characterized by a long latency period. Stages within this latency period are relatively well characterized, and can be detected clinically. In addition to the high incidence of prostate cancer in Western countries, its clinical course is very consistent. Finally, data from epidemiologic studies is consistent with the notion that pharmacologic intervention can in fact favorably affect the incidence of prostate cancer. The ability to effectively prevent the occurrence and/or the progression of prostate cancer would have a significant clinical impact. This chapter first provides a review of chemoprevention strategies, and then goes on to discuss relevant biochemistry, epidemiology and specific chemopreventive agents, and their associated mechanisms of action, as they relate to prostate cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Greenlee, R. T., Murray, T., Bolden, S., and Wingo, P. A. Cancer Statistics, 2000, CA Cancer J Clin.50: 7–33, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Oesterling, J. E., Fuks, Z., Lee, C. T., and Scher, H. I. Cancer of the Prostate. In: V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman, and S. A. Rosenberg (eds.), CANCER: Principals and Practice of Oncology, 5th edition, Vol. 1, pp. 1322–1385. New York: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Friberg, S. and Mattson, S. On the growth rates of human malignant tumors: implications for medical decision making, J Surg Oncol.65: 284–97, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Spratt, J. S., Ter-Pogossian, M., and Long, R. T. L. The detection and growth of intrathoracic neoplasms, Arch. Surg.86: 283–288, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Byar, D. P. and Freedman, L. S. The importance and nature of cancer prevention trials, Semin Oncol./7.. 413–24, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Oefelein, M. G., Kaul, K., Herz, B., Blum, M. D., Holland, J. M., Keeler, T. C., Cook, W. A., and Ignatoff, J. M. Molecular detection of prostate epithelial cells from the surgical field and peripheral circulation during radical prostatectomy [see comments], J Urol.155: 238–42, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Raj, G. V., Moreno, J. G., and Gomella, L. G. Utilization of polymerase chain reaction technology in the detection of solid tumors [see comments], Cancer.82: 1419–42, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Messing, E. M., Manola, J., Sarosdy, M., Wilding, G., Crawford, E. D., and Trump, D. Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer [see comments], N Engl J Med.341: 1781–8, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. DAmico, A. V., Whittington, R., Malkowicz, S. B., Fondurulia, J., Chen, M. H., Kaplan, I., Beard, C. J., Tomaszewski, J. E., Renshaw, A. A., Wein, A., and Coleman, C. N. Pretreatment nomogram for prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy or external-beam radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer, J Clin Oncol.17: 168–72, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dillioglugil, 0., Leibman, B. D., Kattan, M. W., Seale-Hawkins, C., Wheeler, T. M., and Scardino, P. T. Hazard rates for progression after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer, Urology.50: 93–9, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kattan, M. W., Eastham, J. A., Stapleton, A. M., Wheeler, T. M., and Scardino, P. T. A preoperative nomogram for disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst.90: 766–71, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kattan, M. W., Wheeler, T. M., and Scardino, P. T. Postoperative nomogram for disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, J Clin Oncol.17.1499–507, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bostwick, D. G. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for cancer, Semin Urol Oncol.17: 187–98, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dickson, R. B. and Lippman, M. E. Cancer of the Breast. In: V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman, and S. A. Rosenberg (eds.), CANCER: Principals and Practice of Oncology, 5th edition, Vol. 2, pp. 1541–1617. New York: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Cohen, A. M., Minsky, B. D., and Schilsky, R. L. Cancer of the Colon. In: V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman, and S. A. Rosenberg (eds.), CANCER: Principals and Practice of Oncology, 5th edition, Vol. 1, pp. 1144–1197. New York: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Moinpour, C. M., Lovato, L. C., Thompson, I. M., Jr., Ware, J. E., Jr., Ganz, P. A., Patrick, D. L., Shumaker, S. A., Donaldson, G. W., Ryan, A., and Coltman, C. A., Jr. Profile of men randomized to the prostate cancer prevention trial: baseline health-related quality of life, urinary and sexual functioning, and health behaviors, J Clin Oncol.18: 1942–53, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Recruiting black men to a clinical trial to evaluate prostate cancer screening--Detroit, Michigan, 1998, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 47: 694–6, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hoffman-Goetz, L., Breen, N. L., and Meissner, H. The impact of social class on the use of cancer screening within three racial/ethnic groups in the United States, Ethn Dis.8: 43–51, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Freeman, H. P. The impact of clinical trial protocols on patient care systems in a large city hospital. Access for the socially disadvantaged, Cancer.722834–8, 1993

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Vernon, S. W., Vogel, V. G., Halabi, S., Jackson, G. L., Lundy, R. 0., and Peters, G. N. Breast cancer screening behaviors and attitudes in three racial/ethnic groups, Cancer.69: 165–74, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Saki, W. A., Haas, G. P., Cassin, B. F., Pontes, J. E., and Crissman, J. D. The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients [see comments], J Urol.150: 379–85, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Meydani, M. Vitamin E [see comments], Lancet.345: 170–5, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bergan, R., Kyle, E., Nguyen, P., Trepel, J., lngui, C., and Neckers, L. Genisteinstimulated adherence of prostate cancer cells is associated with the binding of focal adhesion kinase to beta- 1-integrin, Clin Exp Metastasis.14: 389–98, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Singh, D. K. and Lippman, S. M. Cancer chemoprevention. Part 2: Hormones, nonclassic antioxidant natural agents, NSAIDs, and other agents, Oncology (Huntingt)121787–800; discussion 1802–1805, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  25. De Flora, S., Bennicelli, C., and Bagnasco, M. Rationale and mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention, Recent Results Cancer Res.151: 29–44, 1999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cleaver, J. E. Defective repair replication of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum, Nature.218: 652–6, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kraemer, K. H., DiGiovanna, J. J., and Peck, G. L. Chemoprevention of skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum, J Dermatol.19: 715–8, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fearon, E. R. and Vogelstein, B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis, Cell.61: 759–67, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kraemer, K. H., DiGiovanna, J. J., Moshell, A. N., Tarone, R. E., and Peck, G. L. Prevention of skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum with the use of oral isotretinoin, N Engl J Med.318: 1633–7, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. DiGiovanna, J. J. Retinoid chemoprevention in the high-risk patient, J Am Acad Dermatol.39: S82–5, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Willett, W. C., Polk, B. F., Morris, J. S., Stampfer, M. J., Pressel, S., Rosner, B., Taylor, J. O., Schneider, K., and Hames, C. G. Prediagnostic serum selenium and risk of cancer, Lancet. 2.. 130–4, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Clark, L. C., Combs, G.F.Jr., Turnbull, B. W., Slate, E. H., Chalker, D. K., Chow, J., Davis, L. S., Glover, R. A., Graham, G. F., Gross, E. G., Krongrad, A., Lesher, J. L.Jr., Park, H. K., Sanders, B. B., Jr., Smith, C. L., and Taylor, J. R.Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group [see comments] [published erratum appears in JAMA 1997 May 21;277(191:1520], Jama.2761957–63,1996

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kyle, E., Neckers, L., Takimoto, C., Curt, G., and Bergan, R. Genistein-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells is preceded by a specific decrease in focal adhesion kinase activity, Mol Pharmacol.51: 193–200, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Adlercreutz, H. Western diet and Western diseases: some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and assocaitions, Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest.50 Suppl 201: 3–23, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Severson, R. K., Nomura, A. M., Grove, J. S., and Stemmermann, G. N. A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii., Cancer Res.49(7)1857–60, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu, Y. Q., Kyle, E., Lieberman, R., Crowell, J., Kelloff, G., and Bergan, R. C. Focal adhesion kinase(FAK) phosphorylation is not required for genistein-induced FAK-b1 -integrin complex formation, Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. submitted.2000.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bergan, R. C. and Slichenmyer, W. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Signal Transduction Modulators: Rationale and Current Status as Chemopreventive Agents for Prostate Cancer, Urology.In Press: 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Liu, Y. Q., Kyle, E., Patel, S., Housseau, F., Hakim, F., Lieberman, R., Pins, M., Blagosklonny, M., and Bergan, R. C.Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention Agents Exhibit Selective Activity Against Early Stage Prostate Cancer CellsProstate Cancer and Diseases of the Prostate.submitted: ,2000.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Thompson, I. M., Coltman, C. A., Jr., and Crowley, J. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, Prostate. 33: 217–21, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Fisher, B., Costantino, J. P., Wickerham, D. L., Redmond, C. K., Kavanah, M., Cronin, W. M., Vogel, V., Robidoux, A., Dimitrov, N., Atkins, J., Daly, M., Wieand, S., Tan-Chiu, E., Ford, L., and Wolmark, N. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study [see comments], J Natl Cancer Inst.90: 1371–88, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kimball, C. P. Non-cooperation: An examination of factors leading to non-compliance in a hypertensive clinic, Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa. 5: 243–249, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Becker, M. H., Maiman, L. A., Kirscht, J. P., and.al, e. Patient perceptions and compliance. In: R. B. Haynes, D. W. Taylor, and D. L. Sackett (eds.), Compliance in Health Care, pp. 78–109. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Haynes, R. B. The disease and the mechanics of treatment. In: R. B. Haynes, D. W. Taylor, and D. L. Sackett (eds.), Compliance in Health Care, pp. 49–62. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Coltman, C. A., Jr., Thompson, I. M., Jr., and Feigl, P. Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) update, Eur Urol.35: 544–7, 1999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kelloff, G. J., Sigman, C. C., Johnson, K. M., Boone, C. W., Greenwald, P., Crowell, J. A., Hawk, E. T., and Doody, L. A. Perspectives on surrogate end points in the development of drugs that reduce the risk of cancer, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey.9: 127–37, 2000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kosmeder, J. W. and Pezzuto, J. M. Intermediate Biomarkers. In: R. C. Bergan (ed.) Cancer Chemoprevention, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Takimoto, C. Basic Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Principals. In: R. C. Bergan (ed.) Cancer Chemoprevention, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  48. von Eschenbach, A., Ho, R., Murphy, G. P., Cunningham, M., and Lins, N. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of prostate cancer: update, June 10, 1997, Cancer.80.. 1805–7, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Spitz, M. R., Currier, R. D., Fueger, J. J., Babaian, R. J., and Newell, G. R. Familial patterns of prostate cancer: a case-control analysis, J Urol.146.. 1305–7, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Carter, B. S., Beaty, T. H., Steinberg, G. D., Childs, B., and Walsh, P. C. Mendelian inheritance of familial prostate cancer, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.89: 3367–71, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gronberg, H., Damber, L., and Damber, J. E. Familial prostate cancer in Sweden.A nationwide register cohort study, Cancer. 77: 138–43, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Smith, J. R., Freije, D., Carpten, J. D., Gronberg, H., Xu, J., Isaacs, S. D., Brownstein, M. J., Bova, G. S., Guo, H., Bujnovszky, P., Nusskern, D. R., Damber, J. E., Bergh, A., Emanuelsson, M., Kallioniemi, 0. P., Walker-Daniels, J., Bailey-Wilson, J. E., Beaty, T. H., Meyers, D. A., Walsh, P. C., Collins, F. S., Trent, J. M., and Isaacs, W. B. Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search [see comments] Science.2741371–4, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Xu, J., Meyers, D., Freije, D., Isaacs, S., Wiley, K., Nusskern, D., Ewing, C., Wilkens, E., Bujnovszky, P., Bova, G. S., Walsh, P., Isaacs, W., Schleutker, J., Matikainen, M., Tammela, T., Visakorpi, T., Kallioniemi, 0. P., Berry, R., Schaid, D., French, A., McDonnell, S., Schroeder, J., Blute, M., Thibodeau, S., Trent, J.and et al. Evidence for a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on the X chromosome Nat Genet.20175–9, 1998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Brawley, 0. W. and Thompson, I. M. The chemoprevention of prostate cancer and the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, Cancer Treat Res.88: 189–200, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Mebane, C., Gibbs, T., and Horm, J. Current status of prostate cancer in North American black males, J Natl Med Assoc.82: 782–8, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Steele, G. D., Jr., Osteen, R. T., Winchester, D. P., Murphy, G. P., and Menck, H. R. Clinical highlights from the National Cancer Data Base: 1994 [see comments], CA Cancer J Clin.44: 71–80, 1994.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Davidson, D., Bostwick, D. G., Qian, J., Wollan, P. C., Oesterling, J. E., Rudders, R. A., Siroky, M., and Stilmant, M. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for adenocarcinoma: predictive accuracy in needle biopsies, J Urol.154: 1295–9, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Keetch, D. W., Humphrey, P., Stahl, D., Smith, D. S., and Catalona, W. J. Morphometric analysis and clinical followup of isolated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in needle biopsy of the prostate, J Urol.154: 347–51, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Brawer, M. K., Bigler, S. A., Sohlberg, 0. E., Nagle, R. B., and Lange, P. H. Significance of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on prostate needle biopsyUrology 38103–7, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Markham, C. W. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: detection and correlation with invasive cancer in fine-needle biopsy, Urology. 34: 57–61, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Huncharek, M. and Muscat, J. Genetic characteristics of prostate cancer, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey. 4: 681–7, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sherwood, E. R., Theyer, G., Steiner, G., Berg, L. A., Kozlowski, J. M., and Lee, C. Differential expression of specific cytokeratin polypeptides in the basal and lumina] epithelia of the human prostate, Prostate.18: 303–14, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bonkhoff, H., Stein, U., and Remberger, K. The proliferative function of basal cells in the normal and hyperplastic human prostate, Prostate.24: 114–8, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Leav, I., McNeal, J. E., Kwan, P. W., Komminoth, P., and Merk, F. B. Androgen receptor expression in prostatic dysplasia (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) in the human prostate: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study, Prostate.29: 137–45, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Bonkhoff, H. and Remberger, K. Widespread distribution of nuclear androgen receptors in the basal cell layer of the normal and hyperplastic human prostate, V irchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol.422: 35–8, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ibrahim, G. K., Kerns, B. J., MacDonald, J. A., Ibrahim, S. N., Kinney, R. B., Humphrey, P. A., and Robertson, C. N. Differential immunoreactivity of epidermal growth factor receptor in benign, dysplastic and malignant prostatic tissues, J Urol.149: 170–3, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Myers, R. B., Srivastava, S., Oelschlager, D. K., and Grizzle, W. E. Expression of p160erbB-3 and p185erbB-2 in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma [see comments], J Natl Cancer Inst.86: 1140–5, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Giri, D. K., Wadhwa, S. N., Upadhaya, S. N., and Talwar, G. P. Expression of NEU/HER-2 oncoprotein (p185neu) in prostate tumors: an immunohistochemical study, Prostate.23: 329–36, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Fiorelli, G., De Bellis, A., Longo, A., Giannini, S., Natali, A., Costantini, A., Vannelli, G. B., and Serio, M. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in human hyperplastic prostate tissue: characterization, tissue localization, and their modulation by chronic treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog, J Clin Endocrinol Metab.72: 740–6, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. English, H. F., Santen, R. J., and Isaacs, J. T. Response of glandular versus basal rat ventral prostatic epithelial cells to androgen withdrawal and replacement, Prostate.11: 229–42, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Turbat-Herrera, E. A., Herrera, G. A., Gore, I., Lott, R. L., Grizzle, W. E., and Bonnin, J. M. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinomas. A retrospective autopsy study, Arch Pathol Lab Med.112: 1100–5, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Harper, M. E., Glynne-Jones, E., Goddard, L., Mathews,P., and Nicholson, R. I. Expression of androgen receptor and growth factors in premalignant lesions of the prostate, J Pathol.186: 169–77, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Haussler, O., Epstein, J. I., and Amin, M. B. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor gene status in adenosis with comparison to benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and cancer, Human Pathology.30: 1077–1086, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Colombel, M., Symmans, F., Gil, S., O’Toole, K. M., Chopin, D., Benson, M., Olsson, C. A., Korsmeyer, S., and Buttyan, R. Detection of the apoptosis-suppressing oncoprotein bcl-2 in hormone-refractory human prostate cancers, Am J Pathol.143: 390–400, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Maygarden, S. J., Strom, S., and Ware, J. L. Localization of epidermal growth factor receptor by immunohistochemical methods in human prostatic carcinoma, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and benign hyperplasia, Arch Pathol Lab Med.116: 269–73, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Boag, A. H. and Young, I. D. Immunohistochemical analysis of type IV collagenase expression in prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma, Mod Pathol.6: 65–8, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Leav, I., Merk, F. B., Lee, K. F., Loda, M., Mandoki, M., McNeal, J. E., and Ho, S. M. Prolactin receptor expression in the developing human prostate and in hyperplastic, dysplastic, and neoplastic lesions, Am J Pathol.154: 863–70, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. McNeal, J. E., Alroy, J., Leav, I., Redwine, E. A., Freiha, F. S., and Stamey, T. A. Immunohistochemical evidence for impaired cell differentiation in the premalignant phase of prostate carcinogenesis, Am J Clin Pathol.90: 23–32, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. McNeal, J. E., Haillot, O., and Yemoto, C. Cell proliferation in dysplasia of the prostate: analysis by PCNA immunostaining, Prostate.27: 258–68, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Nagle, R. B., Brawer, M. K., Kittelson, J., and Clark, V. Phenotypic relationships of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive prostatic carcinoma, Am J Pathol.138: 119–28, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Perlman, E. J. and Epstein, J. I. Blood group antigen expression in dysplasia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate, Am J Surg Pathol.14: 810–8, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Bostwick, D. G., Dousa, M. K., Crawford, B. G., and Wollan, P. C. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma, Am J Surg Pathol.18: 1240–6, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Jarrard, D. F., Paul, R., van Bokhoven, A., Nguyen, S. H., Bova, G. S., Wheelock, M. J., Johnson, K. R., Schalken, J., Bussemakers, M., and Isaacs, W. B. P-Cadherin is a basal cell-specific epithelial marker that is not expressed in prostate cancer, Clin Cancer Res. 3: 2121–8, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hampel, 0. Z., Kattan, M. W., Yang, G., Haidacher, S. J., Saleh, G. Y., Thompson, T. C., Wheeler, T. M., and Marcelli, M. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in human prostatic adenocarcinoma.a prognostic study, J Urol.159: 2220–5, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sweat, S. D., Pacelli, A., Bergstralh, E. J., Slezak, J. M., and Bostwick, D. G. Androgen receptor expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer, J Urol.161: 1229–32, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Maygarden, S. J., Novotny, D. B., Moul, J. W., Bae, V. L., and Ware, J. L. Evaluation of cathepsin D and epidermal growth factor receptor in prostate carcinoma, Mod Pathol. 7: 930–6, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sentinelli, S. Mucins in prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and prostatic carcinoma, Histopathology.22: 271–4, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Nuti, M., Teramoto, Y. A., Mariani-Costantini, R., Hand, P. H., Colcher, D., and Schlom, J. A monoclonal antibody (B72.3) defines patterns of distribution of a novel tumor-associated antigen in human mammary carcinoma cell populations, Int J Cancer.29: 539–45, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Bonkhoff, H., Fixemer, T., Hunsicker, I., and Remberger, K. Estrogen receptor expression in prostate cancer and premalignant prostatic lesions, Am J Pathol. 155: 641–7, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hawkins, M. J. Clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents, Curr Opin Oncol. 7: 90–3, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Bostwick, D. G., Neumann, R., Qian, J., and Cheng, L. Reversibility of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: implications for chemoprevention, Eur Urol.35: 492–5, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Arakawa, A., Song, S., Scardino, P. T., and Wheeler, T. M. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in prostates removed following irradiation failure in the treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma, Pathol Res Pract.191: 868–72, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lyne, J. C., Melhem, M. F., Finley, G. G., Wen, D., Liu, N., Deng, D. H., and Salup, R. Tissue expression of neu differentiation factor/heregulin and its receptor complex in prostate cancer and its biologic effects on prostate cancer cells in vitro, Cancer.1 Sci Am. 3: 21–30, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Pisters, L. L., Troncoso, P., Zhau, H. E., Li, W., von Eschenbach, A. C., and Chung, L. W. c-met proto-oncogene expression in benign and malignant human prostate tissues, J Urol.154: 293–8, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Levine, A. J. and Momand, J. Tumor suppressor genes: the p53 and retinoblastoma sensitivity genes and gene products, Biochem Biophys Acta.1032: 119–36, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Scher, H. I., Sarkis, A., Reuter, V., Cohen, D., Netto, G., Petrylak, D., Lianes, P., Fuks, Z., Mendelsohn, J., and Cordon-Cardo, C. Changing pattern of expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor alpha in the progression of prostatic neoplasms, Clin Cancer Res.1: 545–50, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. McDonnell, T. J., Troncoso, P., Brisbay, S. M., Logothetis, C., Chung, L. W., Hsieh, J. T., Tu, S. M., and Campbell, M. L. Expression of the proto-oncogene bc1–2 in the prostate and its association with emergence of androgen-independent prostate cancer, Cancer Res.52: 6940–4, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bostwick, D. G. and Brawer, M. K. Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and early invasion in prostate cancer, Cancer.59: 788–94, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Bostwick, D. G., Amin, M. B., Dundore, P., Marsh, W., and Schultz, D. S.Architectural patterns of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, Hum Pathol.24: 298–310, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kovi, J., Jackson, M. A., and Heshmat, M. Y. Ductal spread in prostatic carcinoma,Cancer.56: 1566–73, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kasper, S., Sheppard, P. C., Yan, Y., Pettigrew, N., Borowsky, A. D., Prins, G. S., Dodd, J. G., Duckworth, M. L., and Matusik, R. J. Development, progression, and androgen-dependence of prostate tumors in probasin-large T antigen transgenic mice: a model for prostate cancer [corrected and republished in Lab Invest 1998 Jun;78(6):i-xv], Lab Invest.78: 319–33, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Garabedian, E. M., Humphrey, P. A., and Gordon, J. I. A transgenic mouse model of metastatic prostate cancer originating from neuroendocrine cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.95: 15382–7, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. McNeal, J. E. and Bostwick, D. G. Intraductal dysplasia: a premalignant lesion of the prostate, Hum Pathol./7: 64–71, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Qian, J., Wollan, P., and Bostwick, D. G. The extent and multicentricity of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in clinically localized prostatic adenocarcinoma, Hum Pathol.28: 143–8, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Graham, S. D., Jr., Bostwick, D. G., Hoisaeter, A., Abrahamsson, P., Algaba, F., di Sant’Agnese, A., Mostofi, F. K., and Napalkov, P. Report of the Committee on Staging and Pathology, Cancer.70: 359–61, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Bostwick, D. G. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): current concepts, J Cell Biochem Suppl 10–9, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Montironi, R., Galluzzi, C. M., Diamanti, L., Taborro, R., Scarpelli, M., and Pisani, E. Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the blood capillary architecture on thin tissue sections, Pathol Res Pract.189: 542–8, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Sinha, A. A., Gleason, D. F., Staley, N. A., Wilson, M. J., Sameni, M., and Sloane, B. F. Cathepsin B in angiogenesis of human prostate: an immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic analysis, Mat Rec.241: 353–62, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hall, M. C., Navone, N. M., Troncoso, P., Pollack, A., Zagars, G. K., von Eschenbach, A. C., Conti, C. J., and Chung, L. W. Frequency and characterization of p53 mutations in clinically localized prostate cancer, Urology.45: 470–5, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Lee, F., Torp-Pedersen, S. T., Carroll, J. T., Siders, D. B., Christensen-Day, C., and Mitchell, A. E. Use of transrectal ultrasound and prostate-specific antigen in diagnosis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, Urology.34: 4–8, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Cheng, L., Song, S. Y., Pretlow, T. G., Abdul-Karim, F. W., Kung, H. J., Dawson, D. V., Park, W. S., Moon, Y. W., Tsai, M. L., Linehan, W. M., Emmert-Buck, M. R., Liotta, L. A., and Zhuang, Z. Evidence of independent origin of multiple tumors from patients with prostate cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst.90: 233–7, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Foulds, L. Multiple etiologic factors in neoplastic development, Cancer Res.25: 1339–47, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Bartels, P. H., da Silva, V. D., Montironi, R., Hamilton, P. W., Thompson, D.,Vaught, L., and Bartels, H. G. Chromatin texture signatures in nuclei from prostate lesions, Anal Quant Cytol Histol.20: 407–16, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Veltri, R. W., Miller, M. C., Partin, A. W., Coffey, D. S., and Epstein, J. I. Ability to predict biochemical progression using Gleason score and a computer-generated quantitative nuclear grade derived from cancer cell nuclei, Urology.48: 685–91, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Meyskens, F. L., Jr., Surwit, E., Moon, T. E., Childers, J. M., Davis, J. R., Don, R. T., Johnson, C. S., and Alberts, D. S. Enhancement of regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II (moderate dysplasia) with topically applied all-transretinoic acid: a randomized trial [see comments], J Natl Cancer Inst.86: 539–43, 1994.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Giardiello, F. M., Hamilton, S. R., Krush, A. J., Piantadosi, S., Hylind, L. M., Celano, P., Booker, S. V., Robinson, C. R., and Offerhaus, G. J. Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis, N Engl J Med.328: 1313–6, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Westra, W. H. and Sidransky, D. Phenotypic and genotypic disparity in premalignant lesions: of calm water and crocodiles [editorial; comment], J Natl Cancer Inst.90: 1500–1, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Mao, L., El-Naggar, A. K., Papadimitrakopoulou, V., Shin, D. M., Shin, H. C., Fan, Y., Zhou, X., Clayman, G., Lee, J. J., Lee, J. S., Hittelman, W. N., Lippman, S. M., and Hong, W. K. Phenotype and genotype of advanced premalignant head and neck lesions after chemopreventive therapy [see comments], J Natl Cancer Inst.90: 154–551, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Kelloff, G. J., Boone, C. W., Crowell, J. A., Steele, V. E., Lubet, R., and Doody, L. A. Surrogate endpoint biomarkers for phase II cancer chemoprevention trials, J Cell Biochem Suppl.19: 1–9, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Ronnett, B. M., Carmichael, M. J., Carter, H. B., and Epstein, J. I. Does high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia result in elevated serum prostate specific antigen levels? [see comments], J Urol.150: 386–9, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Alexander, E. E., Qian, J., Wollan, P. C., Myers, R. P., and Bostwick, D. G. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia does not appear to raise serum prostate-specific antigen concentration, Urology.47: 693–8, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Kelloff, G. J. Perspectives on cancer chemoprevention research and drug development, Adv Cancer Res.78: 199–334, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hanks, G. E., D’Amico, A., Epstein, B. E., and Schultheiss, T. E. Prostatic-specific antigen doubling times in patients with prostate cancer: a potentially useful reflection of tumor doubling time [see comments], Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.27: 125–7, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Schmid, H. P., McNeal, J. E., and Stamey, T. A. Observations on the doubling time of prostate cancer. The use of serial prostate-specific antigen in patients with untreated disease as a measure of increasing cancer volume, Cancer.71: 2031–40, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Giannulis, I., Montironi, R., Galluzzi, C. M., de Nictolis, M., and Diamanti, L. Frequency and location of mitoses in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), Anticancer Res.13: 2447–51, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Montironi, R., Magi Galluzzi, C., Scarpelli, M., Giannulis, I., and Diamanti, L. Occurrence of cell death (apoptosis) in prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia, Virchows Arch A Pathol Mat Histopathol.423: 351–7, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Montironi, R., Magi-Galluzzi, C., and Fabris, G. Apoptotic bodies in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma following total androgen ablation, Pathol Res Pract.191: 873–80, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Myers, R. B., Kudlow, J. E., and Grizzle, W. E. Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor and the epidermal growth factor receptor in adenocarcinoma of the prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia, Mod Pathol.6: 7337, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Robertson, C. N., Roberson, K. M., Herzberg, A. J., Kerns, B. J., Dodge, R. K., and Paulson, D. F. Differential immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor alpha in benign, dysplastic and malignant prostatic tissues, Surg Oncol.3: 237–42, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Maddy, S. Q., Chisholm, G. D., Busuttil, A., and Habib, F. K. Epidermal growth factor receptors in human prostate cancer: correlation with histological differentiation of the tumour, Br J Cancer.60: 41–4, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Montone, K. T. and Tomaszewski, J. E. In situ hybridization for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) external domain transcripts in prostatic adenocarcinoma, J Clin Lab Anal.7: 188–95, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Harper, M. E., Goddard, L., Glynne-Jones, E., Wilson, D. W., Price-Thomas, M., Peeling, W. B., and Griffiths, K. An immunocytochemical analysis of TGF alpha expression in benign and malignant prostatic tumors, Prostate.23: 9–23, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Cohen, D. W., Simak, R., Fair, W. R., Melamed, J., Scher, H. L., and Cordon-Cardo, C. Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha and the epidermal growth factor receptor in human prostate tissues, J Urol.152: 2120–4, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Kuhn, E. J., Kurnot, R. A., Sesterhenn, I. A., Chang, E. H., and Moul, J. W. Expression of the c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) oncoprotein in human prostatic carcinoma, J Urol.150: 1427–33, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Zhau, H. E., Wan, D. S., Zhou, J., Miller, G. J., and von Eschenbach, A. C. Expression of c-erb B-2/neu proto-oncogene in human prostatic cancer tissues and cell lines, Mol Carcinog.5: 320–7, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Sikes, R. A. and Chung, L. W. Acquisition of a tumorigenic phenotype by a rat ventral prostate epithelial cell line expressing a transfected activated neu oncogene, Cancer Res.52: 3174–81, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Sadasivan, R., Morgan, R., Jennings, S., Austenfeld, M., Van Veldhuizen, P., Stephens, R., and Noble, M. Overexpression of Her-2/neu may be an indicator of poor prognosis in prostate cancer, J Urol.150: 126–31, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Veltri, R. W., Partin, A. W., Epstein, J. E., Marley, G. M., Miller, C. M., Singer, D. S., Patton, K. P., Criley, S. R., and Coffey, D. S. Quantitative nuclear morphometry, Markovian texture descriptors, and DNA content captured on a CAS-200 Image analysis system, combined with PCNA and HER-2/neu immunohistochemistry for prediction of prostate cancer progression, J Cell Biochem Suppl.19: 249–58, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Zimmerman, C. M. and Padgett, R. W. Transforming growth factor beta signaling mediators and modulators, Gene.249: 17–30, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Sporn, M. B., Roberts, A. B., Wakefield, L. M., and de Crombrugghe, B. Some recent advances in the chemistry and biology of transforming growth factor-beta, J Cell Biol.105: 1039–45, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Sehgal, I., Baley, P. A., and Thompson, T. C. Transforming growth factor betal stimulates contrasting responses in metastatic versus primary mouse prostate cancer-derived cell lines in vitro, Cancer Res.56: 3359–65, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Kim, I. Y., Ahn, H. J., Zelner, D.J., Shaw, J. W., Sensibar, J. A., Kim, J. H., Kato, M., and Lee, C.Genetic change in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor type I gene correlates with insensitivity to TGF-beta 1 in human prostate cancer cells Cancer Res5644–8, 1996

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Kim, I. Y., Ahn, H. J., Zelner, D. J., Shaw, J. W., Lang, S., Kato, M., Oefelein, M. G., Miyazono, K., Nemeth, J. A., Kozlowski, J. M., and Lee, C. Loss of Expression of Transforming Growth Factor II Type I and Type II Receptors Correlates with Tumor Grade in Human Prostate Cancer Tissues, Clinical Cancer Res.2: 1255–1261, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Kim, I. Y., Ahn, H. J., Lang, S., Oefelein, M. G., Oyasu, R., Kozlowski, J. M., and Lee, C. Loss of expression of transforming growth factor-beta receptors is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients, Clin Cancer Res. 4: 1625–30, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Fudge, K., Wang, C. Y., and Stearns, M. E. Immunohistochemistry analysis of platelet-derived growth factor A and B chains and platelet-derived growth factor alpha and beta receptor expression in benign prostatic hyperplasias and Gleason-graded human prostate adenocarcinomas, Mod Pathol.7: 549–54, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Fudge, K., Bostwick, D. G., and Stearns, M. E. Platelet-derived growth factor A and B chains and the alpha and beta receptors in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia,Prostate.29: 282–6, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Ross, J. S., Nazeer, T., Figge, H. L., Fisher, H. A., and Rifkin, M. D. Quantitative immunohistochemical determination of cathepsin D levels in prostatic carcinoma biopsies. Correlation with tumor grade, stage, PSA level, and DNA ploidy status, Am J Clin Pathol.104: 36–41, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Sinha, A. A., Wilson, M. J., Gleason, D. F., Reddy, P. K., Sameni, M., and Sloane, B. F. Immunohistochemical localization of cathepsin B in neoplastic human prostate, Prostate.26171–8, 1995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Mantzoros, C. S., Tzonou, A., Signorello, L. B., Stampfer, M., Trichopoulos, D., and Adami, H. O. Insulin-like growth factor 1 in relation to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia [see comments], Br J Cancer.76: 1115–8, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Chan, J. M., Stampfer, M. J., Giovannucci, E., Gann, P. H., Ma, J., Wilkinson, P., Hennekens, C. H., and Pollak, M. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study [see comments], Science.279: 563–6, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Wolk, A., Mantzoros, C. S., Andersson, S. O., Bergstrom, R., Signorello, L. B., Lagiou, P., Adami, H. O., and Trichopoulos, D. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and prostate cancer risk: a population-based, case-control study [see comments], J Natl Cancer Inst.90: 911–5, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Emmert-Buck, M. R., Vocke, C. D., Pozzatti, R. O., Duray, P. H., Jennings, S. B., Florence, C. D., Zhuang, Z., Bostwick, D. G., Liotta, L. A., and Linehan, W. M. Allelic loss on chromosome 8p12–21 in microdissected prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, Cancer Res. 55: 2959–62, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Sakr, W. A., Macoska, J. A., Benson, P., Grignon, D. J., Wolman, S. R., Pontes, J. E., and Crissman, J. D. Allelic loss in locally metastatic, multisampled prostate cancer, Cancer Res.54: 3273–7, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Qian, J., Bostwick, D. G., Takahashi, S., Borell, T. J., Herath, J. F., Lieber, M. M., and Jenkins, R. B. Chromosomal anomalies in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, Cancer Res.55: 5408–14, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Macoska, J. A., Micale, M. A., Sakr, W. A., Benson, P. D., and Wolman, S. R. Extensive genetic alterations in prostate cancer revealed by dual PCR and FISH analysis, Genes Chromosomes Cancer.8: 88–97, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Takahashi, S., Qian, J., Brown, J. A., Alcaraz, A., Bostwick, D. G., Lieber, M. M., and Jenkins, R. B. Potential markers of prostate cancer aggressiveness detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in needle biopsies, Cancer Res.54: 3574–9, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Alcaraz, A., Takahashi, S., Brown, J. A., Herath, J. F., Bergstralh, E. J., Larson-Keller, J. J., Lieber, M. M., and Jenkins, R. B. Aneuploidy and aneusomy of chromosome 7 detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization are markers of poor prognosis in prostate cancer, Cancer Res.54: 3998–4002, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Bandyk, M. G., Zhao, L., Troncoso, P., Pisters, L. L., Palmer, J. L., von Eschenbach, A. C., Chung, L. W., and Liang, J. C. Trisomy 7: a potential cytogenetic marker of human prostate cancer progression, Genes Chromosomes Cancer.9: 19–27, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Zenklusen, J. C., Thompson, J. C., Troncoso, P., Kagan, J., and Conti, C. J. Loss of heterozygosity in human primary prostate carcinomas: a possible tumor suppressor gene at 7q31.1, Cancer Res.54: 6370–3, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Greene, D. R., Rogers, E., Wessels, E. C., Wheeler, T. M., Taylor, S. R., Santucci, R. A., Thompson, T. C., and Scardino, P. T. Some small prostate cancers are nondiploid by nuclear image analysis: correlation of deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy status and pathological features [see comments], J Urol. 151: 1301–7, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Brown, J. A., Alcaraz, A., Takahashi, S., Persons, D. L., Lieber, M. M., and Jenkins, R. B. Chromosomal aneusomies detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis in clinically localized prostate carcinoma [see comments]J Urol1521157–62,1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Lee, W. H., Morton, R. A., Epstein, J. I., Brooks, J. D., Campbell, P. A., Bova, G. S., Hsieh, W. S., Isaacs, W. B., and Nelson, W. G. Cytidine methylation of regulatorysequences near the pi-class glutathione S-transferase gene accompanies humanprostatic carcinogenesis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91: 11733–7, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Taplin, M. E., Bub1ey, G. J., Shuster, T. D., Frantz, M. E., Spooner, A. E., Ogata, G. K., Keer, H. N., and Balk, S. P. Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer [see comments], N Engl J Med. 332: 1393–8, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Sandberg, A. A. Chromosomal abnormalities and related events in prostate cancer, Hum Pathol. 23: 368–80, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Bookstein, R., MacGrogan, D., Hilsenbeck, S. G., Sharkey, F., and Allred, D, C. p53is mutated in a subset of advanced-stage prostate cancers, Cancer Res. 53:3369–73. 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Myers, R. B., Oelschlager, D., Srivastava, S., and Grizzle, W. E. Accumulation of thep53 protein occurs more frequently in metastatic than in localized prostatic adenocarcinomas, Prostate. 25: 243–8, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Sarkar, F. H., Sakr, W., Li, Y. W W”Macoska, J., Ball, D. E., and Crissman, L. D, Analysis of retinoblastoma (RS) gene deletion in human prostatic carcinomas, Prostate. 21:145–52, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Brooks, J.D., Bova, G.S., and Isaacs, W.B. Allelic loss of the retinoblastoma genein primary human prostatic adenocarcinomas,Prostate. 26:35–9,1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Igawa, M., Ruksta1is, D. B., Tanabe, T., and Chodak, G. W. High levels of nm23 expression are related to cell proliferation in human prostate cancer, Cancer Res. 54: 1313–8, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Konishi, N., Nakaoka, S., Tsuzuki, T., Matsumoto, K., Kitahori, Y., Hiasa, Y., Urano, T., and Shiku, H. Expression of nm23-H 1 and nm23-H2 proteins in prostate carcinoma, Jpn J Cancer Res. 84: 1050–4, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Shen, R., Su, Z. Z., Olsson, C. A., and Fisher, P. B. Identification of the human prostatic carcinoma oncogene PTI-1 by rapid expression cloning and differential RNA display, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92: 6778–82, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Dong, L. T., Lamb, P. W., Rinker-Schaeffer, C. W., Vukanovic, J., Ichikawa, T., Isaacs, L. T., and Barrett, J. C. Kail, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome I Ipl 1.2 [see comments], Science. 268: 884–6, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Rose, D. P., Boyar, A. P., and Wynder, E. L. International comparisons of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate, and colon, and per capita food consumption, Cancer. 58: 2363–71, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. West, D. W., Slattery, M. L., Robison, L. M., French, T. K., and Mahoney, A. W, Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: a case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors, Cancer Causes Control. 2, 85–94, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Lew, E. A. and Garfinkel, L. Variations in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women, J Chronic Dis. 32: 563–76, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Liang, T. and Liao, S. Inhibition of steroid 5 alpha-reductase by specific aliphatic unsaturated fatty acids, Biochem J. 285: 557–62, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Wynder, E. L. and Andres, R. Disease prevention research at NIH: An Agenda for All. Workshop A: Diet and nutrition research as it relates to aging and chronic diseases, Prev Med. 23: 549–51, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Clark, J. and Thompson, I. M. Serum cholesterol as a risk factor for prostatic adenocarcinoma, South Med J, 87: 1141, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Fair, W. R., Fleshner, N. E., and Heston, W. Cancer of the prostate: a nutritional disease? [see comments], Urology. 50: 840–8, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Rose, D. P. Dietary fatty acids and prevention of hormone-responsive cancer, Proc Soc Exp Bioi Med. 216: 224–33, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Khan, W. A., Wang, Z. Y., Athar, M., Bickers, D. R., and Mukhtar, H, Inhibition of the skin tumorigenicity of (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 1 0 alpha-epoxy-134 Chemoprevention in Prostate Cancer 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene by tannic acid, green tea polyphenols and quercetin in Sencar mice, Cancer Lett. 42:7–12, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Ahmad, N., Feyes, D. K., Nieminen, A L., Agarwal, R., and Mukhtar, H. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human carcinoma cells, J Nat! Cancer Inst. 89: 1881–6, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Conney, A H., Wang, Z. Y., Huang, M. T., Lou, Y. R., and Yang, C. S. Inhibitory effects of green and black tea on carcinogenesis, Proc. Amer. Assn. Ca. Res. 36: 74, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Wei, H., Bowen, R., Cai, Q., Bames, S., and Wang, Y. Antioxidant and antipromotional effects of the soybean isoflavone genistein, Proc Soc Exp Bioi Med. 208: 124–30, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Grant, W. B. An ecologic study of dietary links to prostate cancer, Altern Med Rev. 4. 162–9,1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Zackheim, H. S. Re: Tomatoes, tomato-based products, Iycopene, and prostate cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature [letter; comment], J Nat! Cancer Inst. 91. 1331,1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Giovannucci, E. and Clinton, S. K. Tomatoes, Iycopene, and prostate cancer, Proc Soc Exp Bioi Med. 218: 129–39, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Rao, A V., Fleshner, N., and Agarwal, S. Serum and tissue Iycopene and biomarkers of oxidation in prostate cancer patients: a case-control study, Nutr Cancer. 33. 159–64, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Kucuk, 0., Sakr, W., and Sarkar, F. Lycopene supplementation in men with localized prostate cancer modulates grade and volume of PIN and tumor, level of serum PSA and biomarkers of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, Proc. Am. Assoc. Ca. Res. 40: 409,1999.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Skowronski, R. J., Peehl, D. M., and Feldman, D. Vitamin 0 and prostate cancer: 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin 03 receptors and actions in human prostate cancer cell lines, Endocrinology. 132: 1952–60, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Ingles, S. A, ‘Ross, R. K., Yu, M. c., Irvine, R. A, La Pera, G., Haile, R. W., and Coetzee, G. A Association of prostate cancer risk with genetic polymorph isms in vitamin 0 receptor and androgen receptor [see comments], J Natl Cancer Inst. 89. 166–70,1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. de Vos, S., Holden, S., Heber, D., Elstner, E., Binderup, L., Uskokovic, M., Rude, B., Chen, D. L., Le, J., Cho, S. K., and Koeffier, H. P. Effects of potent vitamin 03 analogs on clonal proliferation of human prostate cancer cell lines, Prostate. 31: 77–83, 1997.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Schwartz, G. G., Wang, M. H., Zang, M., Singh, R. K., and Siegal, G. P. I alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin 0 (calcitriol) inhibits the invasiveness of human prostate cancer cells, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevo 6: 727–32, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Schwartz, G. G. and Hulka, B. S. Is vitamin 0 deficiency a risk factor for prostate cancer? (Hypothesis), Anticancer Res. 10: 1307–11, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Corder, E. H., Guess, H. A, Hulka, B. S., Friedman, G. D., Sadler, M., Vollmer, R. T., Lobaugh, B., Drezner, M. K., Vogel man, J. H., and Orentreich, N. Vitamin D and prostate cancer: a prediagnostic study with stored sera [see comments], Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevo 2: 467–72, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Pasquali, D., Thaller, c., and Eichele, G. Abnormal level of retinoic acid in prostate cancer tissues, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81: 2186–91, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Hsing, A W., McLaughlin, J. K., Schuman, L. M., Bjelke, E., Gridley, G., Wacholder, S., Chien, H. T., and Blot, W. J. Diet, tobacco use, and fatal prostate cancer: results from the Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study [see comments], Cancer Res. 50: 6836–40, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Eichholzer, M., Stahelin, H. B., Gey, K. F., Ludin, E., and Bernasconi, F. Prediction CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION 135 of male cancer mortality by plasma levels of interacting vitamins: 17-year follow-up of the prospective Basel study, Int J Cancer. 66: 145–50, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Hayes, R. B., Bogdanovicz, J. F., Schroeder, F. H., De Bruijn, A, Raatgever, J. W., Van der Maas, P. 1., Oishi, K., and Yoshida, O. Serum retinol and prostate cancer, Cancer. 62: 2021–6, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Albanes, D., Heinonen, O. P., Huttunen, J. K., Taylor, P. R., Virtamo, J., Edwards, B. K., Haapakoski, J., Rautalahti, M., Hartman, A M., Palmgren, J., and et al. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on cancer incidence in the Alpha- Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, Am J Clin Nutr. 62: 1427S–1430S, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Brawer, M. K. and Ellis, W. J. Chemoprevention for prostate cancer, Cancer. 75: 1783–1789,1995.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Benedict, W. F. and Jones, P. A Inhibition of transformation and oncogenic progression by ascorbic acid, a possible role in chemoprevention. In: M. S. Arnot, J. Van Eys, and Y. M. Wang (eds.), Molecular interrelations of nutrition and cancer, pp. 351. New York: Raven Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Maramag, C., Menon, M., Balaji, K. C., Reddy, P. G., and Laxmanan, S. Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in vitro: effect on cell number, viability, and DNA synthesis, Prostate. 32: 188–95, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. National Academy of Sciences, F. a. N. B. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington: National Academy Press, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Fleshner, N., Fair, W. R., Huryk, R., and Heston, W. D. Vitamin E inhibits the high-fat diet promoted growth of established human prostate LNCaP tumors in nude mice, J Uro!. 161: 1651–4, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Moyad, M. A, Brumfield, S. K., and Pienta, K. J. Vitamin E, alpha-and gamma-tocopherol, and prostate cancer, Semin Urol Oncol. 17: 85–90, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Hartman, T. J., Albanes, D., Pietinen, P., Hartman, A. M., Rautalahti, M., Tangrea, J. A, and Taylor, P. R. The association between baseline vitamin E, selenium, and prostate cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevo 7: 335–40, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Eichholzer, M., Stahelin, H. B., Ludin, E., and Bernasconi, F. Smoking, plasma vitamins C, E, retinol, and carotene, and fatal prostate cancer: seventeen-year follow-up ofthe prospective basal study, Prostate. 38: 189–98, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Hsing, A W., Comstock, G. W., Abbey, H., and Polk, B. F. Serologic precursors of cancer. Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherol and risk of prostate cancer, I Nat! Cancer Ins!. 82: 941–6, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Combs, G. F., Ir. and Gray, W. P. Chemopreventive agents: selenium, Pharmacol Ther. 79: 179–92, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Heston, W. D., Kadmon, D., Lazan, D. W., and Fair, W. R. Copenhagen rat prostatic tumor ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC) and the effect of the ODC inhibitor alpha-ditluoromethylornithine, Prostate. 3: 383–9, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Danzin, C., Claverie, N., Wagner, I., Grove, I., and Koch-Weser, I. Effect on prostatic growth of 2-ditluoromethylornithine, an effective inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, Biochem J. 202: 175–81, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Hovenian, M. and Deming, C. The heterologous growth of cancer of the human prostate, Surg. Gynec. and Obs!. 86: 29, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Tsukamoto, S., Akaza, H., Onozawa, M., Shirai, T., and Ideyama, Y. A five-alpha reductase inhibitor or an anti androgen prevents the progression of microscopic prostate carcinoma to macroscopic carcinoma in rats, Cancer. 82: 531–7, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Marks, L. S., Partin, A. W., Gormley, G. I., Dorey, F. J., Shery, E. D., Garris, I. B., Subong, E. N., Stoner, E., and deKernion, J. B. Prostate tissue composition and response to finasteride in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia [see comments], I Urol. 157: 2171–8,1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Brawley, O. W., Ford, L. G., Thompson, I., Perlman, I. A, and Kramer, B. S. 5-Alpha-reductase inhibition and prostate cancer prevention, Cancer Epidemiol 136 Chemoprevention in Prostate Cancer Biomarkers Prevo 3: 177–82, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Rittmaster, R. S. Finasteride, N Engl J Med. 330: 120–5, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Lepor, H., Williford, W. O., Barry, M. J., Brawer, M. K., Dixon, C. M., Gormley, G., Haakenson, C., Machi, M., Narayan, P., and Padley, R. J. The efficacy of terazosin, finasteride, or both in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Veterans Affairs CooperativeStudies Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Study Group [see comments], N Engl J Med. 335. 533–9, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Chadi Nabhan M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raymond Bergan M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, USA

    Raymond C. Bergan MD (Director, Experimental Therapeutics) (Director, Experimental Therapeutics)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nabhan, C., Bergan, R. (2001). Chemoprevention in Prostate Cancer. In: Bergan, R.C. (eds) Cancer Chemoprevention. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 106. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1657-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1657-6_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5663-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1657-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation