Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuroendocrine and Reproductive Functions in Transgenic Mice with Altered Growth Hormone Secretion and in Growth Hormone Receptor Gene Disrupted Mice

  • Chapter
Transgenic Models in Endocrinology

Part of the book series: Endocrine Updates ((ENDO,volume 13))

  • 71 Accesses

Abstract

It has been established that growth hormone (GH) exerts a profound anabolic effect in mammals. GH secretion by the pituitary gland is regulated by a complex control system. Two hypothalamic peptide hormones, GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and GH-release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin), exert stimulatory and inhibitory influences, respectively, on the somatotropes of the pituitary gland. These two hypothalamic hormones are subjected to modulation by a host of neurotransmitters, other hypothalamic neuropeptides, endocrine glands, GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and their binding proteins. GH plays an important role in induction of linear growth, fat metabolism, increase in lactation, enhancement of immune response, and in bone mineralization. Recombinant technology has made it possible to produce large amounts of GH that is used in the agriculture industry and for treating some human ailments. Thus, administration of bovine GH (bGH) has been shown to increase milk production in dairy cattle (1-3). Also treatment of growing pigs with porcine GH markedly stimulated muscle growth and reduced fat deposition (3). In humans, administration of hGH to GH-deficient children improves the growth rate (4, 5), in aged individuals it improves immune response (6), and in patients with AIDS, treatment with GH increases body weight and lean body mass (7).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References:

  1. Bauman DE, Everett RW, Weiland WH, Collier RJ. Production responses to bovine somatotropin in northeast dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 1999;82:2564–2573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bauman DE. Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1999;17:101–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Etherton TD, Bauman DE. Biology of somatotropin in growth and lactation of domestic animals Physiol Rev 1998;78:745–761.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC. Growth hormone and bone. Endocr Rev 1998;19:55–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ohlsson C, Jennische E. Effects in skeletal muscle of supraphysiological growth hormone stimulation. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:678–679.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gelato MC. Ageing and immune function: a possible role for growth hormone. Horm Res 1996;45:46–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Schambelan M, Mulligan K, Grunfeld C, Daar ES, LaMarca A, Kotler DP, wagn J, Bozzette SA, Breitmeyer JB. Recombinant human growth hormone in patients with HIV-associated wasting. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Serostim Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:873–882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ramaley JA, Phares CK. Delay of puberty onset in females due to suppression of growth hormone. Endocrinology 1980;106:1989–1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Advis JP, White SS, Ojeda SR. Activation of growth hormone short loop negative feedback delays puberty in the female rat. Endocrinology 1981;108:1343–1352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Jia XC, Kalmijn J, Hsueh AJ. Growth hormone enhances follicle-stimulating hormone-induced differentiation of cultured rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology 1986;118:14011409.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kumar TR, wagn Y, Lu N, Matzuk MM. Follicle stimulating hormone is required for ovarian follicle maturation but not male fertility. Nat Gen 1997;15:201–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu X, Andoh K, Yokota H, Kobayashi J, Abe Y, Yamada K, Mizunuma H, Ibuki Y. Effects of growth hormone, activin, and follistatin on the development of preantral follicle from immature female mice. Endocrinology 1998;139:2342–2347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Childs GV, Unabia G, Rougeau D. Cells that express luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta-subunit messenger ribonucleic acids during the estrous cycle: the major contributors contain LH beta, FSH beta, and/or growth hormone. Endocrinology 1994;134:990–997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Childs GV, Unabia G, Miller BT. Cytochemical detection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-binding sites on rat pituitary cells with luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone antigens during diestrous up-regulation. Endocrinology 1994;134:1943–1951.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Harvey S, Baumbach WR, Sadeghi H, Sanders EJ. Ultrastructural colocalization of growth hormone binding protein and pituitary hormones in adenohypophyseal cells of the rat. Endocrinology 1993; 133:1125–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Childs GV, Unabia G, Miller BT, Collins TJ. Differential expression of gonadotropin and prolactin antigens by GHRH target cells from male and female rats. J Endocrinol 1999;162:177–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bartke A Reproduction of female dwarf mice treated with prolactin. J Reprod Fertil 1966;11:203–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A. Influence of hypothalamus and ovary on pituitary function in transgenic mice expressing the bovine growth hormone gene and in growth hormone-deficient Ames dwarf mice. Biol Reprod 1996;54:1002–1008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. de Reviers MM, Viguier-Martinez MC, Mariana JC. FSH, LH and prolactin levels, ovarian follicular development and ovarian responsiveness to FSH in the Snell dwarf mouse. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1984;106:121–126.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Homburg R, West C, Torresani T, Jacobs HS. Cotreatment with human growth hormone and gonadotropins for induction of ovulation: a controlled clinical trial. Fertil Steril 1990;53:254–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Homburg R, Farhi J. Growth hormone and reproduction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1995;7:220–223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lanzone A, Di Simone N, Castellani R, Fulghesu AM, Caruso A, Mancuso S. Human growth hormone enhances progesterone production by human luteal cells in vitro: evidence of a synergistic effect with human chorionic gonadotropin. Fertil Steril 1992;57:92–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Oyesen P, Moller J, Moller N, Christiansen JS, Orskov H, Jorgensen JO. Growth hormone secretory capacity and serum insulin-like growth factor I levels in primary infertile, anovulatory women with regular menses. Fertil Steril 1992;57:97–101.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Strobl JS, Thomas MJ. Human growth hormone. Pharmacol Rev 1994;46:1–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kaltsas GA, Mukherjee JJ, Jenkins PJ, Satta MA, Islam N, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB. Menstrual irregularity in women with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2731–2735.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zipf WB, Payne AH, Kelch RP. Prolactin, growth hormone, and luteinizing hormone in the maintenance of testicular luteinizing hormone receptors. Endocrinology 1978;103:595–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Swerdloff RS, Odell WD. Modulating influences of FSH, GH, and prolactin on LH-stimulated testosterone secretion. In: Troen P, Nankin HR (eds) The testis in normal and infertile men 1977, Raven Press, New York, pp. 395–401.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Arsenijevic Y, Wehrenberg WB, Conz A, Eshkol A, Sizonenko PC, Aubert ML. Growth hormone (GH) deprivation induced by passive immunization against rat GH-releasing factor delays sexual maturation in the male rat. Endocrinology 1989;124:3050–3059.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Spiteri-Grech J, Bartlett JM, Nieschlag E. Regulation of testicular insulin-like growth factor-I in pubertal growth hormone-deficient male rats. J Endocrinol 1991;131:279–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gravance CG, Breier BH, Vickers MH, Casey PJ. Impaired sperm characteristics in postpubertal growth-hormone-deficient dwarf (dw/dw) rats. Anim Reprod Sci 1997;49:71–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Breier BH, Vickers MH, Gravance CG, Casey PJ. Growth hormone (GH) therapy markedly increases the motility of spermatozoa and the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I in seminal vesicle fluid in the male GH-deficient dwarf rat. Endocrinology 1996;137:4061–4064.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Vickers MH, Casey PJ, Champion ZJ, Gravance CG, Breier BH. IGF-I treatment increases motility and improves morphology of immature spermatozoa in the GH-deficient dwarf (dw/dw) rat. Growth Honn IGF Res 1999;9:236–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A. The role of growth hormone in the control of gonadotropin secretion in adult male rats. Endocrinology 1998;139:1067–1074.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sheikholislam BM, Stempfel RS Jr. Hereditary isolated somatotropin deficiency: effects of human growth hormone administration. Pediatrics 1972;49:362–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Laron Z, Sarel R. Penis and testicular size in patients with growth hormone insufficency. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1970;63:625–633.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Laron Z, Klinger B. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-I treatment on serum androgens and testicular and penile size in males with Laron syndrome (primary growth hormone resistance). Eur J Endocrinol 1998;138:176–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Shoham Z, Conway GS, Ostergaard H, Lahlou N, Bouchard P, Jacobs HS. Cotreatment with growth hormone for induction of spermatogenesis in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Fertil Steril 1992;57:1044–1051.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Juul A, Andersson AM, Pedersen SA, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Groome NP, Skakkebaek NE Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on IGF-related parameters and on the pituitary-gonadal axis in GH-deficient males. A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Horm Res 1998;6:269–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Crawford BA, Handelsman DJ. Recombinant growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I do not alter gonadotrophin stimulation of the baboon testis in vivo. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:405–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sjogren I, Ekvarn S, Zuhlke U, Vogel F, Bee W, Weinbauer GF, Nieschlag E. Lack of effects of recombinant human GH on spermatogenesis in the adult cynomolgus monkey(Macaca fascicularis).Eur J Endocrinol 1999;140:350–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Awoniyi CA, Veeramachaneni DN, Roberts D, Tucker KE, Chandrashekar V, Schlaff WD. Suppression of growth hormone does not affect ongoing spermatogenesis in rats. J Androl 1999;20:102–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Matsushima M, Kuroda K, Shirai M, Ando K, Sugisaki T, Noguchi T. Spermatogenesis in Snell dwarf little and congenitally hypothyroid mice. Int J Androl 1986;9:132–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A. Induction of endogenous insulin-like growth factor-I secretion alters the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function in growth hormone-deficient adult dwarf mice. Biol Reprod 1993;48:544–551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, Hammer RE, Trumbauer ME, Rosenfeld MG, Bimberg NC, Evans RM. Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionein-growth hormone fusion genes. Nature 1982;300:611–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Palmiter RD, Norstedt G, Gelinas RE, Hammer RE, Brinster RL. Metallothioneinhuman GH fusion genes stimulate growth of mice. Science 1983;222:809–814.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hammer RE, Pursel VG, Rexroad CE Jr, Wall RJ, Bolt DJ, Ebert KM, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL Production of transgenic rabbits, sheep and pigs by microinjection. Nature 1985;315:680–683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hammer RE, Pursel VG, Rexroad CE Jr, Wall RJ, Bolt DJ, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL. Genetic engineering of mammalian embryos. J Anim Sci 1986;63:269–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. McGrane MM, de Vente J, Yun J, Bloom J, Park E, Wynshaw-Boris A, Wagner T, Rottman FM, Hanson RW. Tissue-specific expression and dietary regulation of a chimeric phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase/bovine growth hormone gene in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 1988;263:11443–11451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Selden RF, Wagner TE, Blethen S, Yun JS, Rowe ME, Goodman HM. Expression of the human growth hormone variant gene in cultured fibroblasts and transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988;85:8241–8245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Losinski NE, Mayerhofer A, Wagner TE, Bartke A. An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of adenohypophyses of mice transgenic for human growth hormone. Endocrinology 1990;126:608–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Prins GS, Cecim M, Birch L, Wagner TE, Bartke A. Growth response and androgen receptor expression in seminal vesicles from aging transgenic mice expressing human or bovine growth hormone genes. Endocrinology 1992;131:2016–2023.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rivera EM, Forsyth IA, Folley SJ. Lactogenic activity of mammalian growth hormones in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1967;124:859–865.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Bartke A, Naar EM, Johnson L, May MR, Cecim M, Yun JS, Wagner TE. Effects of expression of human or bovine growth hormone genes on sperm production and male reproductive performance in four lines of transgenic mice. J Reprod Fertil 1992;95:109–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A, Wagner TE. Endogenous human growth hormone (GH) modulates the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on pituitary function and the gonadotropin response to the negative feedback effect of testosterone in adult male transgenic mice bearing human GH gene. Endocrinology 1988;123:2717–2722.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A. Effects of age and endogenously secreted human growth hormone on the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in female and male transgenic mice expressing the human growth hormone gene. Endocrinology 1993;132:1482–1488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A, Wagner TE. Interactions of human growth hormone and prolactin on pituitary and Leydig cell function in adult transgenic mice expressing the human growth hormone gene. Biol Reprod 1991;44:135–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Tang K, Bartke A, Gardiner CS, Wagner TE, Yun JS. Gonadotropin secretion, synthesis, and gene expression in human growth hormone transgenic mice and in Ames dwarf mice. Endocrinology 1993;132:2518–2524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Klemcke HG, Bartke A. Effects of chronic hyperprolactinemia in mice on plasma gonadotropin concentrations and testicular human chorionic gonadotropin binding sites. Endocrinology 1981;108:1763–1768.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A, Wagner TE. Effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone on luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in male transgenic mice with bovine growth hormone gene expression. Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Washington DC, 1989, p81, Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A, Wagner TE. Neuroendocrine function in adult female transgenic mice expressing the human growth hormone gene. Endocrinology 1992;130:1802–1808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Bartke A, Steger RW, Hodges SL, Parkening TA, Collins TJ, Yun JS, Wagner TE. Infertility in transgenic female mice with human growth hormone expression: evidence for luteal failure. J Exp Zool 1988;248:121–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Milton S, Cecim M, Li YS, Yun JS, Wagner TE, Bartke A. Transgenic female mice with high human growth hormone levels are fertile and capable of normal lactation without having been pregnant. Endocrinology 1992;131:536–538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bartke A, Chandrashekar V, Turyn D, Steger RW, Debeljuk L, Winters TA, Mattison JA, Danilovich NA, Croson W, Wernsing DR, Kopchick JJ. Effects of growth hormone overexpression and growth hormone resistance on neuroendocrine and reproductive functions in transgenic and knock-out mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999;222:113–123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Naar EM, Bartke A, Majumdar SS, Buonomo FC, Yun JS, Wagner TE. Fertility of transgenic female mice expressing bovine growth hormone or human growth hormone variant genes. Biol Reprod 1991;45:178–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Cecim M, Ken J, Bartke A. Effects of bovine growth hormone (bGH) transgene expression or bGH treatment on reproductive functions in female mice. Biol Reprod 1995;52:1144–1148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cecim M, Kerr J, Bartke A. Infertility in transgenic mice overexpressing the bovine growth hormone gene: luteal failure secondary to prolactin deficiency. Biol Reprod 1995;52:1162–1166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cecim M, Fadden C, Kerr J, Steger RW, Bartke A. Infertility in transgenic mice overexpressing the bovine growth hormone gene: disruption of the neuroendocrine control of prolactin secretion during pregnancy. Biol Reprod 1995;52:1187–1192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Danilovich NA, Bartke A, Winters TA. Ovarian follicle apoptosis in bovine growth hormone transgenic mice. Biol Reprod 2000;62:103–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tang K, Bartke A, Gardiner CS, Wagner TE, Yun JS. Gonadotropin secretion, synthesis, and gene expression in two types of bovine growth hormone transgenic mice. Biol Reprod 1993;49:346–353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bartke A, Cecim M, Tang K, Steger RW, Chandrashekar V, Turyn D. Neuroendocrine and reproductive consequences of overexpression of growth hormone in transgenic mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994;206:345–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Shanahan CM, Rigby NW, Murray JD, Marshall JT, Townrow CA, Nancarrow CD, Ward KA. Regulation of expression of a sheep metallothionein la-sheep growth hormone fusion gene in transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 1989;9:5473–5479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Pomp D, Geisert RD, Durham CM, Murray JD. Rescue of pregnancy and maintenance of corpora lutea in infertile transgenic mice expressing an ovine metallothionein la-ovine growth hormone fusion gene. Biol Reprod 1995;52:170–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mayo KE, Hammer RE, Swanson LW, Brinster RL, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM. Dramatic pituitary hyperplasia in transgenic mice expressing a human growth hormone-releasing factor gene. Mol Endocrinol 1988;2:606–612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Chandrashekar V, A. Bartke. Pituitary and testicular function in adult transgenic mice expressing the human growth hormone-releasing hormone gene. Biol Reprod 56; Supplement 1, p198, 1997, Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Moore JP Jr, Cai A, Hostettler ME, Arbogast LA, Voogt JL, Hyde JF. Pituitary hormone gene expression and secretion in human growth hormone-releasing hormone transgenic mice: focus on lactotroph function. Endocrinology 2000;141:81–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Zhou Y, Xu BC, Maheshwari HG, He L, Reed M, Lozykowski M, Okada S, Cataldo L, Coschigamo K, Wagner TE, Baumann G, Kopchick JJ. A mammalian model for Laron syndrome produced by targeted disruption of the mouse growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene (the Laron mouse). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:13215–13220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kopchick JJ, Laron Z. Is the Laron Mouse an Accurate Model of Laron Syndrome? Mol Genet Metab 1999;68:232–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Danilovich N, Wemsing D, Coschigano KT, Kopchick JJ, Bartke A. Deficits in female reproductive function in GH-R-KO mice; role of IGF-I. Endocrinology 1999;140:2637–2640.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A, Coschigano KT, Kopchick JJ. Pituitary and testicular function in growth hormone receptor gene knockout mice. Endocrinology 1999;140:1082–1088

    Google Scholar 

  80. Chandrashekar V, Bartke A, Kopchick JJ. In vivo effects of luteinizing hormone on testicular endocrine function in growth hormone receptor gene disrupted mice. Biol Repro 60: Supplement 1, pl 13, 1999, Abstract no63.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Baker J, Hardy MP, Zhou J, Bondy C, Lupu F, Bellve AR, Efstratiadis A. Effects of an Igfl gene null mutation on mouse reproduction. Mol Endocrinol 1996;10:903–918.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Steger RW, Bartke A, Parkening TA, Collins T, Yun JS, Wagner TE. Neuroendocrine function in transgenic male mice with human growth hormone expression. Neuroendocrinology 1990;52:106–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Vidal S, Stefaneanu L, Thapar K, Aminyar R, Kovacs K, Bartke A. Lactotroph hyperplasia in the pituitaries of female mice expressing high levels of bovine growth hormone. Transgenic Res 1999;8:191–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Vidal S, Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Yamada S, Bartke A. Pituitary estrogen receptor alpha and dopamine subtype 2 receptor gene expression in transgenic mice with overproduction of heterologous growth hormones. Histochem Cell Biol 1999;111:235–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Aguado F, Fernandez T, Martinez-Murillo R, Rodrigo J, Cacicedo L, Sanchez-Franco F. Immunocytochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor I in the hypothalama hypophyseal system of the adult rat. Neuroendocrinology 1992;56:856–863.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bohannon NJ, Corp ES, Wilcox BJ, Figlewicz DP, Dorsa DM, Baskin DG. Characterization of insulin-like growth factor I receptors in the median eminence of the brain and their modulation by food restriction. Endocrinology 1988;122:1940–1947.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hiney JK, Srivastava V, Nyberg CL, Ojeda SR, Dees WL. Insulin-like growth factor I of peripheral origin acts centrally to accelerate the initiation of female puberty. Endocrinology 1996;137:3717–3728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Adashi EY, Resnick CE, Payne DW, Rosenfeld RG, Matsumoto T, Hunter MK, Gargosky SE, Zhou J, Bondy CA. The mouse intraovarian insulin-like growth factor I system: departures from the rat paradigm. Endocrinology 1997;138:3881–3890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Casella SJ, Smith EP, van Wyk JJ, Joseph DR, Hynes MA, Hoyt EC, Lund PK. Isolation of rat testis cDNAs encoding an insulin-like growth factor I precursor. DNA 1987;6:325–330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Cailleau J, Vermeire S, Verhoeven G. Independent control of the production of insulin-like growth factor I and its binding protein by cultured testicular cells. Mol Cell Endocrinology 1990;69:79–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Naville D, Chatelain PG, Avallet O, Saez JM. Control of production of insulin-like growth factor I by pig Leydig and Sertoli cells cultured alone or together. Cell-cell interactions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1990;70:217–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Vannelli BG, Barni T, Orlando C, Natali A, Serio M, Balboni GC. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor in human testis: an immunohistochemical study. Fertil Steril 1988;49:666–669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hansson HA, Nilsson A, Isgaard J, Billig H, Isaksson O, Skottner A, Andersson 1K, Rozell B. Inununohistochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor I in the adult rat. Histochemistry 1988;89:403–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Borland K, Mita M, Oppenheimer CL, Blinderman LA, Massague J, Hall PF, Czech MP. The actions of insulin-like growth factors I and II on cultured Sertoli cells. Endocrinology 1984;114:240–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Handelsman DJ, Spaliviero JA, Scott CD, Baxter RC. Identification of insulin-like growth factor-I and its receptors in the rat testis. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1985;109:543–549.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Lin T, Haskell J, Vinson N, Terracio L. Characterization of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors of purified Leydig cells and their role in steroidogenesis in primary culture: a comparative study. Endocrinology 1986;119:1641–1647.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Lin T, wagn DL, Calkins JH, Guo H, Chi R, Housley PR. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I messenger ribonucleic acid expression in Leydig cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1990;73:147–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Tres LL, Smith EP, Van Wyk JJ, Kierszenbaum AL. Immunoreactive sites and accumulation of somatomedin-C in rat Sertoli-spermatogenic cell co-cultures. Exp Cell Res 1986;162:33–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Lin T, Haskell J, VinsonNTerracio L. Direct stimulatory effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on Leydig cell steroidogenesis in primary culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986;137:950–956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (VC, AB), Carbondale, 62901-6512, USA

    Varadaraj Chandrashekar, Karen T. Coschigano, Andrzej Bartke & John J. Kopchick

  2. Edison Biotechnology Institute, & College of Osteopathic Medicine (KTC, JJK), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

    Varadaraj Chandrashekar, Karen T. Coschigano, Andrzej Bartke & John J. Kopchick

Authors
  1. Varadaraj Chandrashekar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karen T. Coschigano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andrzej Bartke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. John J. Kopchick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Manchester, UK

    Maria G. Castro Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chandrashekar, V., Coschigano, K.T., Bartke, A., Kopchick, J.J. (2001). Neuroendocrine and Reproductive Functions in Transgenic Mice with Altered Growth Hormone Secretion and in Growth Hormone Receptor Gene Disrupted Mice. In: Castro, M.G. (eds) Transgenic Models in Endocrinology. Endocrine Updates, vol 13. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1633-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1633-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5651-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1633-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation