Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Identification and Classification of Genetically Modified Organisms: Implications for Trade

  • Chapter
Agricultural Globalization Trade and the Environment

Part of the book series: Natural Resource Management and Policy ((NRMP,volume 20))

  • 182 Accesses

Abstract

The development, licensing, and production of products containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have recently become the center of some controversy. Those strongly opposed to genetically modified (GM) products argue that the genetic modification process is unnatural and could result in life forms that are dangerous to the ecosystem and to human health. At the other end of the spectrum there are those who believe that GMOs pose no additional risk and offer a great deal of potential for improvements in the production of food. This controversy has spilled over into the international trade arena, leading to different approaches to the development, licensing, and regulation of GMOs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adam, K.D. and W.H. Köhler. 1996. “Evolutionary Genetic Considerations on the Goals and Risks in Releasing Transgenic Crops,” in Wöhrmann, K., Tomiuk, J. and Sentker, A., eds. Transgenic Organisms—Biological and Social Implications, Basel, Switzerland: Birkhaüser Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akerlof, G.A. 1970. “The Market for ‘Lemons’: Quality, Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 84: 488–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumol, W.J. and W.E. Oates. 1988. The Theory of Environmental Policy, 2 nd Ed. Cambridge, MA: University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • BioDemocracy and Organic Consumers Association. 1999. Internet website: http://www.purefood.org/gelink.html <http://www.purefood.org/gelink.html>

  • Blythman, J. 1999. “We don’t believe our food is safe.” Internet website: http://www.millennium-debate.org/indsun6june6.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burros, M. 1997. The New York Times. Internet website: http://www.purefood.org/whole.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, D. and T. Reichhardt. 1999. “Long-term Effect of GM Crops Serves up Food for Thought.” Nature 398 (6729, April 22): 651–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caswell, J. 1999. “An Evaluation of Risk Analysis as Applied to Agricultural Biotechnology (with a Case Study of GMO Labeling),” in Lesser, W.H., ed., pp. 665–674, Transitions in Agbiotech: Economics of Strategy and Policy. Food Marketing Policy Center, University of Connecticut. Storrs, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caswell, J. 1996. Valuing Food Safety and Nutrition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavadini, C., C. Hertel, and W.P. Hammes. 1998. “Application of lysostaphin-producing Lactobacilli to Control Staphylococcal Food Poisoning in Meat Products.” Journal of Food Protein 61 (4, April): 419–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chess, C. 1998. “Fearing Fear: Communication About Agricultural Biotechnology.” Agbioforum 1 (1, Summer). Available online: http://www.agbioforum.missouri.edu

  • Citizens Panel. 1999. Designer Genes at the Dinner Table: Citizens’ Conference on Food Biotechnology. Final report. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary (7 March).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, E.A. 1999. “Debunking the Myths of Genetic Engineering in Field Crops.” Internet website: http://www.oac.uoguelph.ca/CRCS/faculty/eac.myths.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Coase, R.H. 1960. “The Problem of Social Cost.” Journal of Law and Economics 3 (October): 1–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Consumers International. 1999. Summary of Consumer Surveys Related to Labeling of Foods Produced Using Biotechnology. Internet website: http://www.oneworld.org/consumers/campaigns/biotech/surveys.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R.J., W.L. Bruckart, J.R. Coulson, M.S. Goettel, R.A. Humber, R.D. Lumsden, J.V. Maddox, M.L. McManus, L. Moore, and S.F. Meyer. 1996. “Safety of Microorganisms intended for Pest and Plant Disease Control: A Framework for Scientific Evaluation.” Biological Control 7 (3 December): 333–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darby, M.R. and E. Kami. 1973. “Free Competition and the Optimal Amount of Fraud.” Journal of Law and Economics 16 (1): 67–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De-Leij, F.A.A.M., M.J. Bailey, J.M. Whipps, I.P. Thompson, P.A. Bramwell, and J.M. Lynch. 1998. “Release of Genetically Modified Micro-organisms and Biomonitoring” (Biotechnology Research Series; Volume 7), in Environmental Biomonitoring, the Biotechnology Ecotoxicology Interface, J.M. Lynch, ed., pp. 70–100. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunwell, J.M. 1998. “Novel Food Products from Genetically Modified Crop Plants: Methods and Future Prospects.” International Journal of Food Science Technology 33 (3 June): 205–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Economic Research Service (ERS). 1999. Genetically Engineered Crops for Pest Management. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC (25 June). Internet website: http://www.econ.ag.gov.whatsnew/issues/biotech

    Google Scholar 

  • Flint, H.J.; A. Chesson. 1999. “Safety Implications of Genetically Modified Organisms.” Feed-mix, Doetinchem 7 (3): 3235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frewer, L.J., C. Howard, and J.I. Aaron. 1998. “Consumer Acceptance of Transgenic Crops.” Pesticide Science 52 (April): 388–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Froyd, J.D. 1997. “Can Synthetic Pesticides be Replaced with Biologically Based Alternatives?: An Industry Perspective.” Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 19 (3): 192–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaisford, J. and M. Plunkett. 2000. “Limiting Biotechnology? Information Problems and Policy Responses.” Current Agriculture, Food and Resource Issues 1: 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gath, M. and V.A. Reimar. 1998. “The Potential Effects of Labeling GM Foods on the Consumer Decisions—Preliminary Results of Conjoint Measurement Experiments in Germany.” Ar Norwegen 4 (3): 18–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gendel, S.M. 1998. “The Use of Amino Acid Sequence Alignments to Assess Potential Aller-genicity of Proteins Used in Genetically Modified Foods.” Advanced Food Nutrition Research 42: 45–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giddings, G.D., N.R. Sackville-Hamilton, and M.D. Hayward. 1997a. “The Release of Genetically Modified Grasses, 2, The influence of Wind Direction on Pollen Dispersal.” Theoretical and Applied Genetics 94 (8): 1007–1014 (June).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giddings, G.D., N.R. Sackville-Hamilton, and M.D. Hayward. (1997b). “The Release of Genetically Modified Grasses, 1, Pollen Dispersal to Traps in Lolium perenne.” Theoretical and Applied Genetics 94 (8 June): 1000–1006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, S. 1999. The New York Times. Internet website: http://www.purefood.org/monlink.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, R. and S. Malla. 2001. “The Evaluation of the Economic and External Health Benefits from Canola Research,” in J.M. Alston, P.G. Pardey, and M.J. Taylor, eds., pp. 211–240, Agricultural Science Policy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, T.P., R.B. Jorgensen, and H. Ostergard. 1998. “Fitness of Backcross and F2 Hybrids Between Weedy Brassica rapa and Oilseed Rape (B. napus).” Heredity. 81 (4): 436–443 (October).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heap, I.M. 1999. “International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds.” Internet website (February): http://www.weedscience.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrman, T. and M. Boland. 1999. “Segregation Strategies.” Feed and Grain. February/March: 20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoban, T. 1998. “Trends in Consumer Attitudes About Biotechnology.” Agbioforum 1(1) (Summer). Internet website: http://www.agbioforum.missouri.edu

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, J.E. 2000. “Consumer Issues and Labeling in International Trade.” Paper presented at the Globalization and New Agricultural Trade Rules for the 21 st Century Conference, Canadian Agri-Food Trade Research Network, Saskatoon, Canada (February).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, J.E. and M.D. Plunkett. 1999. “Genetically Modified Foods: Consumer Issues and the Role of Information Asymmetry.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 47 (4): 445–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoef, A.M.A. van, E.J. Kok, E. Bouw, H.A. Kuiper, and J. Keijer. 1998. “Development and Application of a Selective Detection Method for Genetically Modified Soy and Soy-derived Products.” Food Additive Contamination 15 (7): 767–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, J.S. and H.M. LeBaron. 1990. “Significance and Distribution of Herbicide Resistance.” Weed Technology 4: 141–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 1994. “Identification and Segregation of High-Value Soybeans at a Country Elevator.” Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 71 (10): 1073–1078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kappeli, O. and L. Auberson. 1998. “How Safe is Safe Enough in Plant Genetic Engineering.” Trends in Plant Science 3(7): 276–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kappeli, O. and L. Auberson. 1997. “The Science and Intricacy of Environmental Safety Evaluations.” Trends in Biotechnology 9 (September 15): 342–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, K.K., W.A. Kerr, and J.E. Hobbs. 1998. “The Impact of Biotechnology on Agricultural Markets.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 46(4): 441–453 (December).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, K. 1999. “Biotech Crops: Products, Properties, and Prospects.” Food Technology 53 (5): 42–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, C.C. 1999. “Biotech. Goes Wild.” Technology Review July/August: 37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, S. and K.K. Klein. 1999. “Environmental Concerns and Risks of Genetically Modified Crops: Economic Contributions to the Debate.” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 41 (4): 437–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, P. 1970. “Information and Consumer Research.” Journal of Political Economy 78(2): 311–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickson, T.E. and M.J. McKee. 1999. “Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Plant Products.” Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science 52: 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, K.M., A.M. Bones, K. Smalla, and J.D. van Elsas. 1999. “Horizontal Gene Transfer from Transgenic Plants to Terrestrial Bacteria—A Rare Event.” FEMS-Microbiology Review 22 (2): 79–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perdikis, N, W. A. Kerr, and J.E. Hobbs. 2000. “Can the WTO/GATT Agreements on Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade Be Renegotiated to Accommodate Agricultural Biotechnology?” in W.H. Lesser, ed., pp. 692–707, Transitions in Agbiotech: Economics of Strategy and Policy. Food Marketing Policy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persley, G. and J.N. Siedow. 1999. “Applications of Biotechnology to Crops: Benefits and Risks.” Internet website: http://www.cast-science.org/biotc_ip.htm <http://www.cast-science.org/biotc_ip.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesticide and Toxic Chemical News. 1998. Internet website: http://www.purefood.org/ge/aaasge.htm.

  • Rissler, J. 1999. “Biotechnology and Pest Control: Quick Fix versus Sustainable Control.” Internet website: http://www.netspeed.com.au/cogs/gen2.htm.

  • Rissler, J. and M. Mellon. 1996. The Ecological Risks of Transgenic Crops. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saat, T.A.W.M. 1996. “Out in the Open: Field Trials with Genetically Modified Crop Plants in Four European Countries, Chile and the United States,” in E.R. Schmidt and T. Hankeln, eds. Transgenic Organisms and Biosafety: Horizontal Gene Transfer, Stability of DNA, and Expression of Transgenes. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. 1961. Administrative Behavior. 2 nd Ed. New York, NY: Macmillan, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, S. and P. Phillips. 1999. “Competitors Cooperating: Establishing a Supply Chain to Manage Genetically Modified Canola.” Paper presented at the Economics of Quality Control in Agriculture Conference, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada (December).

    Google Scholar 

  • Symonds, B.K. 1999. “Healthier, Nutritious Foods to Come From Biotech Grains.” Feedstuffs 71 (16): 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabashnik, B.E. 1994. “Evolution of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis.” Annual Review of Entomology 39: 47–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tjaden, T. 1997. “Beekeepers Buzzing Over Pollen Fears.” The Western Producer (29 May: 23).

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA/ERS (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service). 1999. Internet website: http://www.ers.usda.gov/

  • Vandeburg, J.M., J.R. Fulton, F.J. Dooley, and P.V. Preckel. 2000. “Impact of Identity Preservation of Non-GMO Crops on the Grain Market System.” Current Agriculture, Food, and Resource Issues 1: 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varian, H.R. 1984. Microeconomic Analysis, 2 nd Ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J. 1999. “Ready or Not, Genetically Modified Foods are Here to Stay.” Environmental Nutrition 22 (4): 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Western Producer. 1999. “Senate Considers Hearings on GMO Issue.” Internet website: http://www.producer/articles/1991007/news/19991007news04.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Western Producer. 2000. “Triple-resistant Canola Weeds Found in Alberta” (10 February: 1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, O.E. 1979. “Transaction Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations.” Journal of Law and Economics 22: 233–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Saskatchewan, Canada

    Richard Gray, Jill E. Hobbs & Faycal Haggui

Authors
  1. Richard Gray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jill E. Hobbs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Faycal Haggui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Charles B. Moss Gordon C. Rausser Andrew Schmitz Timothy G. Taylor David Zilberman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gray, R., Hobbs, J.E., Haggui, F. (2002). The Identification and Classification of Genetically Modified Organisms: Implications for Trade. In: Moss, C.B., Rausser, G.C., Schmitz, A., Taylor, T.G., Zilberman, D. (eds) Agricultural Globalization Trade and the Environment. Natural Resource Management and Policy, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1543-2_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1543-2_23

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5606-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1543-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation