Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Alveolar Epithelial Repair in Acute Lung Injury

  • Chapter
Molecular Biology of Acute Lung Injury

Part of the book series: Molecular and Cellular Biology of Critical Care Medicine ((MCCM,volume 1))

  • 108 Accesses

Abstract

The clinical course of patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is variable and influenced by a variety of factors. One of the most important mechanisms that determines the severity of lung dysfunction is the magnitude of injury to the alveolar epithelial barrier. The capacity to repair the epithelial injury is a major determinant of recovery. Specific treatments for accelerating alveolar epithelial repair do not exist although progress in studies with experimental models of ALI suggests that specific treatment may be possible in the future. Most of the treatment modalities that have been tested recently were based on diminishing the inflammatory response in the lung in order to minimize the initial injury. However, an alternative therapeutic approach is to accelerate the repair process of the alveolar epithelium in order to enhance the resolution of pulmonary edema and improve outcomes in patients with ALI. In this chapter, we will focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate alveolar epithelial repair, since they may represent potential new targets for treatment of patients with ALI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Crapo, J.D., Barry, B.E., Gehr, P., Bachofen, M., and Weibel, E. (1982) Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 126, 332–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mason, R.J., and Shannon, J.M. (1997) Alveolar type 2 cells. In The Lung. R.G. Crystal, J.B. West, P.J. Barnes, and E.R. Weibel, editors. Lippincott — Raven Publishers, Philadelphia — New York. 543–555

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wiener-Kronish, J.P., Albertine, K.H., and M.A. Matthay, M.A. (1991) Differential responses of the endothelial and epithelial barriers of the lung in sheep to Escherichia coli endotoxin. J Clin Invest 88, 864–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ware, L.B., and Matthay, M.A. (2001) The majority of patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome have impaired alveolar fluid clearance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Pittet, J.F., Mackersie, R.C., Martin, T.R., and Matthay, M.A. (1997) Biological markers of acute lung injury: prognostic and pathogenetic significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155, 1187–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bachofen, M., and Weibel, E.R. (1977) Alterations of the gas exchange apparatus in adult respiratory insufficiency associated with septicemia. Am Rev Respir Dis 116, 589–615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Berthiaume, Y., Lesur, O., and Dagenais, A. (1999) Treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome: plea for rescue therapy of the alveolar epithelium. Thorax 54, 150–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ware, L.B., and Matthay, M.A. (2000) The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342, 1334–1349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Tomashefski, J.F.J. (2000) Pulmonary pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. In Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Vol. 21 (3). M. Wiedmann, M.A., editor. 435–466.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Uhal, B. (1997) Cell cycle kinetics in the alveolar epithelium. Am J Physiol 272, L1031–L1045

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Adamson, I.Y., Young, L., and Bowden, D.H. (1988) Relationship of alveolar epithelial injury and repair to the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 130, 377–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Adamson, I.Y., Hedgecock, C., and Bowden, D.H. (1990) Epithelial cell-fibroblast interactions in lung injury and repair. Am J Pathol 137, 385–392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Martin, C., Papazian, L., Payan, M.J., Saux, P., and Gouin, F. (1995) Pulmonary fibrosis correlates with the outcome in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: a study in mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 107, 196–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chesnutt, A.N., Matthay, M.A., Tibayan, F.A., and Clark, J.G. (1997) Early detection of type III procollagen peptide in acute lung injury. Pathogenetic and prognostic significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156, 840–845

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Clark, J.G., J.A. Milberg, K.P. Steinberg, and L.D. Hudson. 1995. Type III procollagen peptide in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: association of increased peptide levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with increased risk for death. Ann Intern Med. 122, 17–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Marshall, R.P., Bellingan, G., Webb, S., Puddicombe, A., Goldsack, N., McAnulty, R., and Laurent, G.J. (2000) Fibroproliferation occurs early in the acute respiratory distress syndrome and impacts on outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162, 1783–1788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Matthay, M.A. (1995) Fibrosing alveolitis in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intern Med 122, 65–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Matthay, M.A., and Wiener-Kronish, J.P. (1990) Intact epithelial barrier function is critical for the resolution of alveolar edema in humans [see comments]. Am Rev Respir Dis 142, 1250–1257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gregory, T.J., Longmore, W.J., and Moxley, M.A. (1991) Surfactant chemical composition and biophysical activity in acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest 88, 1976–1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Adamson, I.Y., and Bowden, D.H. (1974) The type 2 cell as progenitor of alveolar epithelial regeneration. A cytodynamic study in mice after exposure to oxygen. Lab Invest 30, 35–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Fehrenbach, H. (2001) Alveolar epithelial type 2 cell: defender of the alveolus revisited. Respir Res 2, 33–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kheradmand, F., Folkesson, H.G., Shum, L., Derynk, R., Pytela, R., and M.A. Matthay, M.A. (1994) Transforming growth factor-α enhances alveolar epithelial cell repair in a new in vitro model. Am J Physiol 267, L728–L738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Geiser, T., Jarreau, P.H., Atabai, K., and Matthay, M.A. (2000) Interleukin-lβ increases in vitro alveolar epithelial repair. Am J Physiol 279, 1184–1190

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lane, B.P., and Gordon, R. (1974) Regeneration of the rat tracheal epithelium after mechanical injury. The relationship between mitotic activity and cellular differentiation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 145, 1139–1144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Matute-Bello, G., Liles, W.C., Radella, F.N., Steinberg, K.P., Ruzinski, J., Jonas, M., Chi, E.Y., Hudson, L.D., and Martin, T.R. (1997) Neutrophil apoptosis in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156, 1969–1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bardales, R.H., Xie, S.S., Schaefer, R.R., and Hsu, S.M. (1996) Apoptosis is a major pathway responsible for the resolution of type 2 pneumocytes in acute lung injury. Am J Pathol 149, 845–852

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Guinee, D., Fleming, M., Hayashi, T., Woodward, M., Zhang, J., Walls, J., Koss, M., Ferrans, V., and Travis, W. (1996) Association of p53 and WAF1 expression with apoptosis in diffuse alveolar damage. Am J Pathol 149, 531–538

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Guinee, D.J., Brambilla, E., Fleming, M., Hayashi, T., Rahn, M., Koss, M., Ferrans, V., and Travis, W. (1997) The potential role of BAX and BCL-2 expression in diffuse alveolar damage. Am J Pathol 151, 999–1007

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fehrenbach, H., Kasper, M., Tschernig, T., Pan, T., Schuh, D., Shannon, J., Mueller, M., and Mason, R. (1999) Keratinocyte growth factor-induced hyperplasia of rat alveolar type 2 cells is resolved by differentiation into type I cells and by apoptosis. Eur Respir J 14, 534–544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fehrenbach, H., Kasper, M., Koslowski, R., Pan, T., Schuh, D., Mueller, M., and Mason, R.J. (2000) Alveolar epithelial type 2 cell apoptosis in vivo during resolution of keratinocyte growth factor-induced hyperplasia in the rat. Histochem Cell Biol 114, 49–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fine, A., Anderson, N.L., Rothstein, T.L., Williams, M.C., and Gochuico, B.R., (1997) Fas expression in pulmonary alveolar epithelial type 2 cells. Am J Physiol 273, L64–L71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hagimoto, N., Kuwano, K., Nomoto, Y., Kunitake, R., and Hara, N. (1997) Apoptosis and expression of Fas/Fas ligand mRNA in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 16, 91–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kuwano, K., Miyazaki, H., Hagimoto, N., Kawasaki, M., Fujita, M., Kunitake, R., Kaneko, Y., and H. N. 1999. The involvement of Fas-Fas Ligand pathway in fibrosing lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20, 53–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hashimoto, S., Kobayashi, A., Kooguchi, K., Kitamura, Y., Onodera, H., and Nakajima, H. (2000) Upregulation of two death pathways of perforin/granzyme and FasL/Fas in septic acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161, 237–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Matute-Bello, G., Liles, W.C., Steinberg, K.P., Kiener, P.A., Mongovin, S., Chi, E.Y., Jonas, M., and Martin, T.R. (1999) Soluble Fas-Ligand induces epithelial cell apoptosis in humans with acute lung injury (ARDS). J Immunol 163, 2217–2225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Polunovsky, V., Baruch, C., Henke, C., Snover, D., Wendt, C., Ingbar, D., and Bittermann P. (1993) Role of mesenchymal cell death in lung remodeling after injury. J Clin Invest 92, 388–397

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Desmouliere, A., Redard, M., Darby, L., and Gabbiani, G. (1995) Apoptosis mediates the cellularity during the transition between granulation tissue and scar. Am J Pathol 146, 56–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Panos, R.J., Rubin, J.S., Aaronson, S.A., and Mason, R.J. (1993) Keratinocyte growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor are heparin-binding growth factors for alveolar type 2 cells in fibroblast conditioned medium. J Clin Invest 92, 969–977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ulich, T.R., Yi, E.S., Longmuir, K., Yin, S., Biltz, R., Morris, C.F., R. Housley, R, and Pierce, G.F. (1994) Keratinocyte growth factor is a growth factor for type 2 pneumocytes in vivo. J Clin Invest 93, 1298–1306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Deterding, R.R., Havill, A.M., Toshiyuki, Y., Middleton, S.C., Jacoby, C.R., Shannon, J.M., Simonet, W.S., and Mason, R.J. (1997) Prevention of bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats by keratinocyte growth factor. Proc Assoc Am Phys 109, 254–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Yano, T., Deterding, R.R., Simonet, W.S., Shannon, J.M., and Mason, R.J. (1996) Keratinocyte growth factor reduces lung damage due to acid instillation in rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 15, 433–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Guo, J., Yi, E.S., Havill, A.M., Sarosi, I., Whitcomb, L., Yin, S., Middleton, S.C., Piguet, P., and Ulich, T.R. (1998) Intravenous keratinocyte growth factor protects against experimental pulmonary injury. Am J Physiol 275, L800–L805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Barazzone, C., Donati, Y.R., Rochat, A.F., Vesin, C., Kan, C.D., Pache, J.C., and Piguet, P.F. (1999) Keratinocyte growth factor protects the alveolar epithelium and endothelium from oxygen-induced injury in mice. Am J Pathol 154, 1479–1487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Viget, N.B., Guery, B.P.H., Ader, F., Neviere, R., Alfandari, S., Creuzy, C., Roussel-Delvallez, M., Foucher, C., Mason, C.M., Beaucaire, G., and Pittet, J.F. (2001) Keratinocyte growth factor protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol 279, L1199–L1209

    Google Scholar 

  45. Welsh, D.A., Summer, W.R., Dobard, E.P., Nelson, S., and Mason, C.M. (2000) Keratinocyte growth factor prevents ventilator-induced lung injury in an ex vivo rat model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162, 1081–1086

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Adamson, I.Y.R., and Bakowska, J. (1999) Relationship of keratinocyte growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor levels in rat lung lavage fluid to epithelial cell regeneration after bleomycin. Am J Pathol 155, 949–954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ware, L.B., Folkesson, H.G., and Matthay, M.A. (1998) Keratinocyte growth factor increases alveolar epithelial wound healing in vitro. FASEB 12, A778

    Google Scholar 

  48. Verghese, G.M., McCormick-Shannon, K., Mason, R.J., and Matthay, M.A. (1998) Hepatocyte growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor in the pulmonary edema fluid of patients with acute lung injury. Biologic and clinical significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158, 386–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ohmichi, H., Matsumoto, K., and Nakamura, T. (1996) In vivo mitogenic action of HGF on lung epithelial cells: pulmotrophic role in lung regeneration. Am J Physiol 270, L1031–L1039

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Shiratori, M., Michalopoulos, G., Shinozuka, H., Singh, G., Ogasawara, D., and Katyal, S.L. (1995) Hepatocyte growth factor stimulates DNA synthesis in alveolar type 2 cells in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 12, 171–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yanagita, K., Matsumoto, K., Sekiguchi, K., Ishibashi, H., Niho, Y., and Nakamura, T. (1993) Hepatocyte growth factor may act as a pulmotrophic factor on lung regeneration after acute lung injury. J Biol Chem 268, 21212–21217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Madtes, D.K., Busby, H.K., Strandjord, T.P., and Clark, J.G. (1994) Expression of transforming growth factor-α and epidermal growth factor receptor is increased following bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 11, 540–551

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pai, R., Ohta, M., Itani, R.M., Sarfeh, I.J., and Tarnawski, A.S. (1998) Induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway during gastric ulcer healing in rats. Gastroenterology 114, 706–713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nici, L., Medina, M., and Frackelton, A.R. (1996) The epidermal growth factor receptor network in type 2 pneumocytes exposed to hyperoxia in vitro. Am J Physiol 270, L242–L250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Van Winkle, L.S., Isaac, J.M., and Plopper, C.G. (1997) Distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor and ligands during bronchiolar epithelial repair from naphthalene-induced Clara cell injury in the mouse. Am J Pathol 151, 443–459

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Chesnutt, A.N., Kheradmand, F., Folkesson, H.G., Alberts, M., and Matthay, M.A. (1997) Soluble transforming growth factor-alpha is present in the pulmonary edema fluid of patients with acute lung injury. Chest 111, 652–656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Madtes, D.K., Rubenfeld, G., Klima, L.D., Milberg, J.A., Steinberg, K.P., Martin, T.R., Raghu, G., Hudson, L.D., and Clark, J.G. (1998) Elevated transforming growth factor-alpha levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158, 424–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Folkesson, H.G., Pittet, J.F., Nitenberg, G., and Matthay, M.A. (1996) Transforming growth factor-alpha increases alveolar liquid clearance in anesthetized ventilated rats. Am J Physiol 271, L236–L244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hardie, W.D., Prows, D.R., Leikauf, G.D., and Korfhagen, T.R. (1999) Attenuation of acute lung injury in transgenic mice expressing human transforming growth factor-α. Am J Physiol 277, L1045–L1050

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sheppard, D., D.S. Cohen, A. Wang, and M. Busk. (1992) Transforming growth factor β differentially regulates expression of integrin subunits in guinea pig airway epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 267:17409–17414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Homma, S., Nagaoka, I., Abe, H., Takahashi, K., Seyama, K., and Nukiwa, T.S. (1995) Localization of platelet-derived growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 in the fibrotic lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152, 2084–2089

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Snyder, L.S., Hertz, M.I., Peterson, M.S., Harmon, K.R., Marinelli, W.A., Henke, C.A., Greenheck, J.R., Chen, B., and Bitterman. P.B. (1991) Acute lung injury: Pathogenesis of intraalveolar fibrosis. J Clin Invest 88, 663–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Dunsmore, S.E., Martinez-Williams, C., Goodman, R.A., and Rannels, D.E. (1995) Composition of extracellular matrix of type 2 pulmonary epithelial cells in primary culture. Am J Physiol. 269, L754–L765

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Dunsmore, S.E., Martinez-Williams, C., Goodman, R.A., and Rannels, D.E. (1995) Turnover of fibronectin and laminin by alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 269, L766–L775

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Dunsmore, S.E., and Rannels, D.E. (1995) Turnover of extracellular matrix by type 2 pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 268, L336–L346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Garat, C., Kheradmand, F., Albertine, K.H., Folkesson, H.G., and Matthay, M.A. (1996) Soluble and insoluble fibronectin increases alveolar epithelial wound healing in vitro. Am J Physiol 271, L844–L853

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Torii, K., Iida, K., Miyazaki, Y., Saga, S., Kondho, Y., Taniguchi, H., Taki, F., Takagi, K., Matsuyama, M., and Suzuki. R. (1997) Higher concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155, 43–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Delclaux, C., d’Ortho, M.P., Delacourt, C., Lebargy, F., Brun-Buisson, C., Brochard, L., Lemaire, F., Lafuma, C., and Harf, A. (1997) Gelatinases in epithelial lining fluid of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol 272, L442–L451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ricou, B., Nicod, L., Lacraz, S., Welgus, H.G., Suter, P.M., and Dayer, J.M. (1996) Matrix metalloproteinases and TIMP in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154, 346–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Planus, E., Galiacy, S., Matthay, M.A., Laurent, V., Gavrilovic, J., G. Murphy, G., Clerici, C., Isabey, D., Lafuma, C., and d’Ortho, M.P. (1999) Role of collagenase in mediating in vitro alveolar epithelial wound repair. J Cell Sci 112, 243–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. d’Ortho, M.P., Clerici, C., Yao, P.M., Delacourt, C., Delclaux, C., Franco-Montoya, M.L., Harf, A., and Lafuma, C. (1997) Alveolar epithelial cells in vitro produce gelatinases and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Am J Physiol 273, L663–L675

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Buisson, A.C., Zahm, J.M., Polette, M., Pierrot, D., Bellon, G., Puchelle, E., Birembaut, P., and Tournier, J.M. (1996) Gelatinase B is involved in the in vitro wound repair of human respiratory epithelium. J Cell Physiol 166, 413–426

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Dunsmore, S.E., Saarialho-Kere, U.K., Roby, J.D., Wilson, C.L., Matrisian, L.M., Welgus, H.G., and Parks, W.C. (1998) Matrilysin expression and function in airway epithelium. J Clin Invest 102, 1321–1331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Geiser, T., Atabai, K., Jarreau, P.H., Ware, L.B., Pugin, J., and Matthay, M.A. (2001) Pulmonary edema fluid from patients with acute lung injury augments alveolar epithelial repair by an interleukin-lβ dependent mechanism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (In press)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland

    Thomas K. Geiser & Michael A. Matthay

  2. Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Thomas K. Geiser & Michael A. Matthay

Authors
  1. Thomas K. Geiser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael A. Matthay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Hector R. Wong  & Thomas P. Shanley  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Geiser, T.K., Matthay, M.A. (2001). Alveolar Epithelial Repair in Acute Lung Injury. In: Wong, H.R., Shanley, T.P. (eds) Molecular Biology of Acute Lung Injury. Molecular and Cellular Biology of Critical Care Medicine, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1427-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1427-5_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5548-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1427-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation