Abstract
Exposure assessments are used to relate contaminant sources into quantitative estimates of the amount of chemical that comes in contact with the visible exterior of an individual of potentially exposed population. The potentially exposed population is the one that does or plausibly could contact the source of contamination. This contact is the basis for estimating a potential dose used in the characterization of potential health risks. Defining exposure pathways is an important component of the exposure assessment. An exposure pathway is the course a chemical or physical agent takes from a source to an exposed individual. An exposure pathway describes a unique mechanism by which an individual or population is exposed to a chemicals or physical agents at or originating from a source. Each exposure pathway includes a source or release from a source, a transport/exposure medium (such as air) or media (in cases of intermedia transport, such as water to air) also is included.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
AIHC (American Industrial Health Council). 1995. Exposure factors sourcebook. Washington, D.C. 118 pages
Calvin, G. 1992. Risk Management Case Histories-Detergents. Chapter 10 in: Richards, M.L. (ed.). Risk management of chemicals. The Royal Society of Chemistry. London, United Kingdom.
CTFA (Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association). 1983. Summary of the results of surveys of the amount and frequency of use of cosmetic products by women. Report prepared by ENVIRON Corporation.
Curry, K.K., D.J. Brookman, G.K. Whitmyre, J.H. Driver, R.J. Hackman, RJ. Hakkinen, and M.E. Ginevan. 1994. Personal exposures to toluene during the use of nail lacquers in residences: Description of the results of a preliminary study. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 4(4):443–456.
Driver, J.H., R.G. Tardiff, L. Sedik, R.C. Wester, and H.I. Maibach. 1993. In vitro percutaneous absorption of [14C] ethylene glycol. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 3(3):277–284.
Eberhart, D.C. 1994. Current activities in assessing human exposures to lawn chemicals. Presented at the Workshop on Residential Exposure Assessment, Annual Meeting of the International Society for Exposure Analysis and the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology. September 18, 1994. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
ECETOC (European Center for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals). 1994. Assessment of non-occupational exposure to chemicals. Technical Report Number 58. Brussels, Belgium.
ISEA (International Society of Exposure Analysis). 1995. ISEA Newsletter, Summer 1995 Issue. Argonne, Illinois: Argonne National Laboratory.
Kasting, GB. and RJ. Robinson. 1993. Can we assign an upper limit to skin permeability? Pharmaceutical Res. 10:930–931.
McKone, T. 1992. Multipathway residential exposures: An overview. In: B. Hakkinen, J. Driver, and G. Whitmyre (eds.). Reference house workshop: Assessment of residential exposures. Annual meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis. December 6, 1992. 29 pages.
Murray, D.M. and D.E. Burmaster. 1995. Residential air exchange rates in the United States: Empirical and estimated parametric distributions by season and climatic region. Risk Anal. 15(4):459–465.
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). 1994. CONTAM93. User manual. Building and Fire Research Laboratory, NIST, U.S. Department of Commerce. Gaitherssburg, Maryland.
Pandian, M.D., WR. Ott, and J.V. Behar. 1993. Residential air exchange rates for use in indoor air and exposure modeling studies. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 3(4):407–416.
Phillips, L.J., R.J. Fares, and L.G. Schweer. 1993. Distributions of total skin surface area to body weight ratios for use in dermal exposure assessments. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 3(3):331–338.
Turnbull, D. and J.V. Rodricks. 1989. A comprehensive risk assessment of DEHP as a component of baby pacifiers, teethers and toys. In: Paustenbach, D.J. (ed.). The risk assessment of environmental and human health hazards: A textbook of case studies. John Wiley and Sons. New York, New York.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987. Methods for assessing exposure to chemical substances. Volume 7. Methods for assessing consumer exposure to chemical substances. EPA Publication No. 560/5-85-007. Exposure Assessment Branch, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxic Substances. Washington, D.C.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1991a. MCCEM. Multi-chamber concentration and exposure model. User’s guide. Version 2.3. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development. Washington, D.C.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1991b. Time spent in activities, locations, and microenvi-ronments: A California-national comparison. EPA Publication Number 600/4-91/006. Office of Research and Development, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. Las Vegas, Nevada.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1992. Dermal exposure assessment: Principles and applications. EPA Publication Number 600/8-91-011. Exposure Assessment Group, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development. Washington, D.C.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1994. Screening-level consumer inhalation exposure software (SCIES): Description and user’s manual. Version 3.0. Exposure Assessment Branch, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxic Substances. Washington, D.C.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1996. Exposure factors handbook (Draft). EPA Publication Number Volume I 600/P-95/002Ba, Volume II 600/P-95/002Bb, and Volume III 600/P-95/002Bc.
Vacarro, J.R. 1996. The use of unique study design to estimate exposure of adults and children to surface and airborne chemicals. American Society of Testing and Materials. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
Vermiere, T.G., P. van der Poel, R.T.H. van de Laar, and H. Roelfzema. 1993. Estimation of consumer exposures to chemicals: applications of simple models. Sci. Total Environ. 136:155–176.
Whitmyre, G.K., J.H. Driver, M.E. Ginevan, R.G. Tardiff, and S.R. Baker. 1992a. Human exposure assessment I: Understanding the uncertainties. Toxicol. Indust. Health 8(5):297–320.
Whitmyre, G.K., J.H. Driver, M.E. Ginevan, R.G. Tardiff, and S.R. Baker. 1992b. Human exposure assessment II: Quantifying and reducing the uncertainties. Toxicol. Indust. Health 8(5):321–342.
Wilkes, C.R. and M.J. Small. 1992. Inhalation exposure model for volatile chemicals from indoor uses of water. Atmos. Environ. 26A:2227–2236.
Wilschut, A., WF. ten Barge, PJ. Robinson, and T.E. McKone. 1995. Estimating skin permeation: The validation of five mathematical skin permeation models. Chemosphere 30:1275–1296.
www.epa.gov/nerlpage/heasd/therdbase.htm. 1998. THERdbASE: Total human exposure risk database and advanced simulation environment. Version 1.2-September 1998.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baker, S., Driver, J., McCallum, D. (2000). General Framework for Assessing Potential Human Exposures to Chemical, Biological, and Physical Agents in the Residential Environment. In: Baker, S., Driver, J., McCallum, D. (eds) Residential Exposure Assessment. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1279-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1279-0_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5475-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1279-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive