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Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens Defining Tumor Malignancy: Basis for Development of Anti-Cancer Vaccines

  • Chapter
The Molecular Immunology of Complex Carbohydrates —2

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 491))

Abstract

Tumors expressing a high level of certain types of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (T ACAs) exhibit greater metastasis and progression than those expressing low level of TACAs, as reflected in decreased patient survival rate. Well-documented examples of such TACAs are: (i) H/Ley/ILea in primary non-small cell lung carcinoma; (ii) sialyl-Lex(SLex) and sialyl-Lea (SLea) in various types of cancer; (iii) Tn and sialyl-Tn in colorectal, lung, breast, and many other cancers; (iv) GM2, GD2, and GD3 gangliosides in neuroectodermal tumors (melanoma and neuroblastoma); (v) globo-H in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer; (vi) disialylgalactosylgloboside in renal cell carcinoma.

Some glycosylations and TACAs suppress invasiveness and metastatic potential. Welldocumented examples are: (i) blood group A antigen in primary lung carcinoma; (ii) bisecting β1 →4G1cNAc ofN-linked structure in melanoma and other cancers; (iii) galactosylgloboside (GaIGb4) in seminoma.

The biochemical mechanisms by which the above glycosylation changes promote or suppress tumor metastasis and invasion are mostly unknown. A few exceptional cases in which we have some knowledge are: (i) SLex and SLea function as E-selectin epitopes promoting tumor cell interaction with endothelial cells; (ii) some tumor cells interact through binding ofTACA to specific proteins other than selectin, or to specific carbohydrate expressed on endothelial cells or other target cells (carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction); (iii) functional modification of adhesive receptor (integrin, cadherin, CD44) by glycosylation.

So far, a few successful cases of anti-cancer vaccine in clinical trials have been reported, employing T ACAs whose expression enhances malignancy. Examples are STn for suppression of breast cancer, GM2 and GD3 for melanoma, and globo-H for prostate cancer. Vaccine development can be extended using other T ACAs, with the following criteria for success: (i) the antigen is expressed highly on tumor cells; (ii) high antibody production depending on two factors: (a) clustering of antigen used in vaccine; (b) choice of appropriate carrier protein or lipid; (iii) high T cell response depending on choice of appropriate carrier protein or lipid; (iv) expression of the same antigen in normal epithelial tissues (e.g., renal, intestinal, colorectal) may not pose a major obstacle, i.e., these tissues are not damaged during immune response.

Idiotypic anti-carbohydrate antibodies that mimic the surface profile of carbohydrate antigens, when administered to patients, elicit anti-carbohydrate antibody response, thus providing an effect similar to that of T ACAs for suppression of tumor progression. An extension of this idea is the use of peptide mimetics ofTACAs, based on phage display random peptide library. Although examples are so far highly limited, use of such “mimotopes” as immunogens may overcome the weak immunogenicity ofTACAs in general.

Article FootNote

Studies by the author and his colleagues cited in this review were supported by Outstanding Investigator Grant CA-42S0S from the National Cancer Institute (NIH)

Article FootNote

I thank Dr. Stephen Anderson for scientific editing and preparation of the manuscript

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  1. Pacific Northwest Research Institute and University of Washington, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA

    Sen-itiroh Hakomori

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  1. Sen-itiroh Hakomori
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  1. Glyco Research Laboratory Institutes of Basic Medical Sciences and Natural Products, College of Medicine Chang-Gung University, Kwei-san, Tay-yuan, Taiwan

    Albert M. Wu

  2. Tao-yuan, 333, Taiwan

    Albert M. Wu

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Hakomori, Si. (2001). Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens Defining Tumor Malignancy: Basis for Development of Anti-Cancer Vaccines. In: Wu, A.M. (eds) The Molecular Immunology of Complex Carbohydrates —2. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 491. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1267-7_24

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1267-7_24

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