Abstract
Current therapy for autoimmune disease is based on broad-spectrum immune suppression, rather than specific correction of defective tolerance mechanisms. On the preventive front, we are not yet able to identify individuals at risk of autoimmune disease or predict clinical course. To develop more specific therapeutic and diagnostic tools, we will need a map of the cellular and molecular pathways and genes that underpin immunological self-tolerance, illuminating the points where the process goes wrong and where it can be corrected.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
C. C. Goodnow, J. G. Cyster, S. B. Hartley, S. E. Bell, M. P. Cooke, J. I. Healy, S. Akkaraju, J. C. Rathmell, S. L. Pogue, K. P. Shokat, Self-tolerance checkpoints in B lymphocyte development, Adv Immunol 59, 279–368(1995).
S. B. Hartley, M. P. Cooke, D. A. Fulcher, A. W. Harris, S. Cory, A. Basten, C. C. Goodnow, Elimination of self-reactive B lymphocytes proceeds in two stages: arrested development and cell death, Cell 72, 325–335(1993).
K. M. Murphy, A. B. Heimberger, D. Y. Loh, Induction by antigen of intrathymic apoptosis of CD4+CD8+TCRIo thymocytes in vivo, Science 250, 1720–1723 (1990).
J. G. Cyster, S. B. Hartley, C. C. Goodnow, Competition for follicular niches excludes self-reactive cells from the recirculating B-cell repertoire [see comments], Nature 371, 389–395(1994).
J. C. Rathmell, M. P. Cooke, W. Y. Ho, J. Grein, S. E. Townsend, M. M. Davis, C. C. Goodnow, CD95 (Fas)-dependent elimination of self-reactive B cells upon interaction with CD4+ T cells, Nature 376, 181–184(1995).
L. Van Parijs, D. A. Peterson, A. K. Abbas, The Fas/Fas ligand pathway and Bcl-2 regulate T cell responses to model self and foreign antigens, Immunity 8, 265–274(1998).
L. Zheng, G. Fisher, R. E. Miller, J. Peschon, D. H. Lynch, M. J. Lenardo, Induction of apoptosis in mature T cells by tumour necrosis factor, Nature 377, 348–351(1995).
K. M. Shokat, C. C. Goodnow, Antigen-induced B-cell death and elimination during germinal-centre immune responses, Nature 375, 334–338(1995).
E. R. Kearney, K. A. Pape, D. Y. Loh, M. K. Jenkins, Visualization of peptide-specific T cell immunity and peripheral tolerance induction in vivo, Immunity 1, 327–339(1994).
M. P. Cooke, A. W. Heath, K. M. Shokat, Y. Zeng, F. D. Finkelman, P. S. Linsley, M. Howard, C. C. Goodnow, Immunoglobulin signal transduction guides the specificity of B cell-T cell interactions and is blocked in tolerant self-reactive B cells, J. Exp. Med. 179, 425–438(1994).
R. Schwartz, T cell clonal anergy, xCurr. Opin. Immunol. 9, 351–357(1997).
S. Akkaraju, W. Y. Ho, D. Leong, K. Canaan, M. M. Davis, C. C. Goodnow, A range of CD4 T cell tolerance: partial inactivation to organ-specific antigen allows nondestructive thyroiditis or insulitis, Immunity 7, 255–271(1997).
C. C. Goodnow, R. Brink, E. Adams, Breakdown of self-tolerance in anergic B lymphocytes, Nature 352, 532–536(1991).
A. O’Garra, L. Steinman, K. Gijbels, CD4+ T-cell subsets in autoimmunity, Curr Opin Immunol 9, 872–883(1997).
S. Cobbold, H. Waldmann, Infectious tolerance, Curr Opin Immunol 10, 518–524(1998).
P. L. Cohen, R. A. EisenbergLprand gld: single gene models of systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 9, 243–269(1991).
J. C. Rathmell, C. C. Goodnow, Effects of theIprmutation on elimination and inactivation of self-reactive B cells, J. Immunol. 153, 2831–2842(1994).
R. Watanabe-Fukunaga, C. I. Branna, N. G. Copeland, N. A. Jenkins, S. Nagata, Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis, Nature 356, 314–317(1992).
G. Fisher, F. Rosenberg, S. Straus, J. Dale, L. Middelton, A. Lin, W. Strober, M. Lenardo, J. Puck, Dominant Interfering Fas Gene Mutations Impair Apoptosis in a Human Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome, Cell 81, 935–946(1995).
F. Rieux-Laucat, F. Le Deist, C. Hivroz, A. Roberts, K. Debatin, A. Fischer, J. de Villartay, Mutations in Fas Associated with Human Lymphoproliferative Syndrome and Autoimmunity, Science 268, 1347–1349(1995).
E. S. Sobel, T. Katagiri, K. Katagiri, S. C. Morris, P. L. Cohen, R. A. Eisenberg, An intrinsic B cell defect is required for the production of autoantibodies in theIprmodel of murine systemic autoimmunity, J. Exp. Med. 173, 1441–1449(1991).
H. Fukuyama, M. Adachi, S. Suematsu, K. Miwa, T. Suda, N. Yoshida, S. Nagata, Transgenic expression of Fas in T cells blocks lymphoproliferation but not autoimmune disease in MRL-lpr mice, J Immunol 160, 3805–3811(1998).
H. Komano, Y. Ikegami, M. Yokoyama, R. Suzuki, S. Yonehara, Y. Yamasaki, N. Shinohara, Severe impairment of B cell function inIpr/lprmice expressing transgenic Fas selectively on B cells, Int Immunol 11, 1035–1042(1999).
S. E. Townsend, C. C. Goodnow, Abortive proliferation of rare T cells induced by direct or indirect antigen presentation by rare B cells in vivo, J. Exp Med 187, 1611–1621(1998).
E. S. Sobel, P. L. Cohen, R. A. EisenbergIprT cells are necessary for autoantibody production in Iprmice, J. Immunol. 150, 4160–4167(1993).
J. Wu, T. Zhou, J. Zhang, J. He, W. Gause, J. Mountz, Correction of accelerated autoimmune disease by early replacement of the mutatedIprgene with the normal Fas apoptosis gene in the T cells of transgenicMRL-Ipr/lprmice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 15, 2344–2348(1994).
D. Y. Mason, M. Jones, C. C. Goodnow, Development and follicular localization of tolerant B lymphocytes in lysozyme/anti-lysozyme IgM/IgD transgenic mice, International Immunol. 4, 163–175(1992).
J. C. Rathmell, S. E. Townsend, J. C. Xu, R. A. Flavell, C. C. Goodnow, Expansion or elimination of B cells in vivo: dual roles for CD40- and Fas (CD95)-ligands modulated by the B cell antigen receptor, Cell 87, 319–329(1996).
D. J. Lenschow, A. I. Sperling, M. P. Cooke, G. Freeman, L. Rhee, D. C. Decker, G. Gray, L. M. Nadler, C. C. Goodnow, J. A. Bluestone, Differential up-regulation of the B7–1 and B7–2 costimulatory molecules after Ig receptor engagement by antigen, J Immunol 153, 1990–1997(1994).
W. Y. Ho, M. P. Cooke, C. C. Goodnow, M. M. Davis, Resting and anergic B cells are defective in CD28-dependent costimulation of naive CD4+ T cells, J. Exp. Med. 179, 1539–1549(1994).
J. C. Rathmell, S. Fournier, B. Weintraub, J. Allison, C. Goodnow, Repression of B7.2 on self-reactive B cells is essential to prevent proliferation and allow Fas-mediated deletion by CD4(+) T cells, J Exp Med 188, 651–659(1998).
L. Foote, A. Marshak-Rothstein, T. Rothstein, Tolerant B lymphocytes acquire resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis after treatment with interleukin 4 but not after treatment with specific antigen unless a surface immunoglobulin threshold is exceeded, J Exp Med 187, 847–853(1998).
K. Erb, B. Ruger, M. von Brevern, B. Ryffel, A. Schimpl, K. Riven, Constitutive expression of interleukin (IL)-4 in vivo causes autoimmune-type disorders in mice, J Exp Med 185, 329–339(1997).
T. Schneider, G. Fischer, T. Donohoe, T. Colarusso, R. TL, A novel gene coding for a Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM) isolated from inducibly Fas-resistant B lymphocytes, J Exp Med 189, 949–956(1999).
T. Schneider, D. Grillot, L. Foote, G. Nunez, T. Rothstein, Bcl-x protects primary B cells against Fas-mediated apoptosis, J Immunol 159, 4834–4839(1997).
R. J. Grumont, I. J. Rourke, S. Gerondakis, Rel-dependent induction of Al transcription is required to protect B cells from antigen receptor ligation-induced apoptosis, Genes Dev 13, 400–411(1999).
J. I. Healy, R. E. Dolmetsch, R. S. Lewis, C. C. Goodnow, Quantitative and qualitative control of antigen receptor signalling in tolerant B lymphocytes, Novartis Found Symp 215, 137–144(1998).
R. Glynne, S. Akkaraju, J. I. Healy, J. Rayner, C. C. Goodnow, D. H. Mack, How self-tolerance and the immunosuppressive drug FK506 prevent B-cell mitogenesis, Nature 403, 672–676(2000).
J. I. Healy, R. E. Dolmetsch, L. A. Timmerman, J. G. Cyster, M. L. Thomas, G. R. Crabtree, R. S. Lewis, C. C. Goodnow, Different nuclear signals are activated by the B cell receptor during positive versus negative signaling, Immunity 6, 419–428(1997).
S. Hitotsumachi, D. A. Carpenter, W. L. Russell, Dose-repetition increases the mutagenic effectiveness of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in mouse spermatogonia, Proc natl Acad Sci USA 82, 6619–6621(1985).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goodnow, C.C. et al. (2001). Autoimmunity, Self-Tolerance and Immune Homeostasis: From Whole Animal Phenotypes to Molecular Pathways. In: Gupta, S. (eds) Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation VIII. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 490. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1243-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1243-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5458-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1243-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive